We developed low temperature-aged garlic (LTAG) to remove its unique and spicy flavor and evaluated the anti-fatigue properties of LTAG against exercise-induced fatigue in mice. In the results, the treadmill running time to exhaustion in the mice fed LTAG was prolonged compared with the control. There was significant difference in blood parameters of glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration between the LTAG-fed mice and the control. In addition, LTAG effectively increased the content of glycogen and creatine kinase and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the muscle. The mechanism underlying the anti-fatigue activity of LTAG is hypothesized to involve increase in postexercise tissue glycogen accumulation to improve the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. LTAG may have an ergogenic effect on endurance exercise while decreasing the levels of FFA, LDH, and lactate, which are associated with the anti-fatigue effect. Thus, LTAG has potential as a pharmacological anti-fatigue agent.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
HuangLZ, HuangBK, YeQ, QinLP: Bioactivity-guided fractionation for anti-fatigue property of Acanthopanax senticosus. J Ethnopharmacol, 2011; 133:213–219.
2.
AkazawaKH, CuiY, TanakaM, KataokaY, YonedaY, WatanabeY: Mapping of regional brain activation in response to fatigue-load and recovery in rats with c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Neurosci Res, 2010; 66:372–379.
3.
MoriuraT, MatsudaH, KuboM: Pharmacological study on Agkistrodon blomhoffii blomhoffii BOIE.V. anti-fatigue effect of the 50% ethanol extract in acute weight-loaded forced swimming-treated rats. Biol Pharm Bull, 1996; 19:62–66.
4.
KimKM, YuKW, KangDH, KohJH, HongBS, SuhHJ: Anti-stress and anti-fatigue effects of fermented rice bran. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2001; 65:2294–2296.
5.
JinG, KataokaY, TanakaM, et al.: Changes in plasma and tissue amino acid levels in an animal model of complex fatigue. Nutrition, 2009; 25:597–607.
6.
YouLJ, ZhaoMM, RegensteinJM, RenJY: In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-fatigue effect of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) peptides prepared by papain digestion. Food Chem, 2011; 124:188–194.
7.
WangL, ZhangHL, LuR, et al.: The decapeptide CMS001 enhances swimming endurance in mice. Peptides, 2008; 29:1176–1182.
8.
AzizbeigiK, StannardSR, AtashakS, HaghighiMM: Antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress adaptation to exercise training: Comparison of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training in untrained males. J Exerc Sci Fit, 2014; 12:1–6.
ZhengX, LongW, LiuG, ZhangX, YangX: Effect of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis) leaf extract on the swimming endurance and exhaustive exercise induced oxidative stress of rats. J Sci Food Agric, 2012; 92:736–742.
11.
YuF, LuS, YuF, et al.: Protective effects of polysaccharide from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) on the swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 2006; 84:1071–1079.
12.
TanW, YuKQ, LiuYY, OuyangMZ, YanMH, LuoR, ZhaoXS: Anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides extract from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata. Int J Biol Macromol, 2012; 50:59–62.
13.
KlosterhoffRR, KanazawaLKS, FurlanettoALDM, PeixotoJVC, CorsoCR, AdamiER, IacominiM, FogaçaRTH, AccoA, CadenaSMSC, AndreatiniR, CordeiroLMC: Anti-fatigue activity of an arabinan-rich pectin from acerola (Malpighia emarginata). Int J Biol Macromol, 2018; 109:1147–1153.
14.
ParkSH, JangS, LeeSW, ParkSD, SungYY, KimHK: Akebia quinata Decaisne aqueous extract acts as a novel anti-fatigue agent in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress. J Ethnopharmacol, 2018; 222:270–279.
15.
JohnsonM, OlaleyeON, KolawoleOS: Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Br Microbiol Res J, 2016; 14:1–11.
16.
NicastroHL, RossSA, MilnerJA: Garlic and onions: Their cancer prevention properties. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2015; 8:181–189.
17.
HwangKA, KimGR, HwangYJ, HwangIG, SongJ: Oxidative stress inhibitory effects of low temperature-aged garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts through free radical scavenging activity. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 2016; 45:27–34.
18.
BanerjeeSK, MukherjeePK, MaulikSK: Garlic as an antioxidant: The good, the bad and the ugly. Phytother Res, 2003; 7:97–106.
19.
WangHP, YangJ, QinLQ, YangXJ: Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2015; 17:223–231.
20.
MoriharaN, NishihamaT, UshijimaM, IdeN, TakedaH, HayamaM: Garlic as an anti-fatigue agent. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2007; 51:1329–1334.
21.
BaekYH: Effect of garlic intake on the anti-fatigue and fatigue recovery during prolonged exercise. J Korean Soc Food Nutr, 1995; 24:970–977.
22.
ChoiSK, BaekSH, ChoiSW: The effects of endurance training and thiamine supplementation on anti-fatigue during exercise. J Exerc Nutr Biochem, 2013:17:189–198.
23.
FujiwaraM: Allithiamine and its properties. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1976; 22:57–62.
24.
JangEK, SeoJH, LeeSP: Physiological activity and antioxidative effects of aged black garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract. Korean J Food Sci Technol, 2008; 40:443–448.
25.
LawsonLD, WangZJ: Allicin and allicin-derived garlic compounds increase breath acetone through allyl methyl sulfide: Use in measuring allicin bioavailability. J Agric Food Chem, 2005; 53:1974–1983.
26.
ChoKJ, ChaJY, YimJH, KimJH: Effects of aging temperature and time on the conversion of garlic (Allium sativum L.) components. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 2011; 40:84–88.
UshijimaM, SumiokaI, KakimotoM, et al.: Effect of garlic and garlic preparations on physiological and psychological stress in mice. Phytother Res, 1997; 1:226–230.
29.
SeoJH, SungYH, KimKJ, ShinMS, LeeEK, KimCJ: Effects of Phellinus linteus administration on serotonin synthesis in the brain and expression of monocarboxylate transporters in the muscle during exhaustive exercise in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 2011; 57:95–103.
30.
GibsonH, EdwardsRH: Muscular exercise and fatigue. Sports Med, 1985; 2:120–132.
31.
ShangH, CaoS, WangJ, ZhengH, PuthetiR: Glabridin from Chinese herb licorice inhibits fatigue in mice. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 2009; 7:17–23.
32.
CoombesJS, McNaughtonLR: Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2000; 40:240–246.
33.
DjordjevićVB: Free radicals in cell biology. Int Rev Cytol, 2004; 237:57–89.
34.
KimHY, HanNR, KimNR, et al.: Effect of fermented porcine placenta on physical fatigue in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2016; 241:1985–1996.
35.
ZhangXL, RenF, HuangW, DingRT, ZhouQS, LiuXW: Antifatigue activity of extracts of stem bark from Acanthopanax senticosus. Molecules, 2010; 16:28–37.
36.
DohmGL, TapscottEB, BarakatHA, KasperekGJ: Influence of fasting on glycogen depletion in rats during exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1983; 55:830–833.
37.
DingJF, LiYY, XuJJ, SuXR, GaoX, YueFP: Study on effect of jellyfish collagen hydrolysate on anti-fatigue and antioxidation. Food Hydrocoll, 2011; 25:1350–1353.
38.
TangW, ZhangY, GaoJ, DingX, GaoS: The anti-fatigue effect of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 in mice by intranasally administration. Biol Pharm Bull, 2008; 31:2024–2027.
39.
PradoES, de Rezende NetoJM, de AlmeidaRD, Dória de MeloMG, CameronLC: Keto analogue and amino acid supplementation affects the ammonaemia response during exercise under ketogenic conditions. Br J Nutr, 2011; 105:1729–1733.
40.
AgnerE, KelbaekH, Fogh-AndersenN, MørckHI: Coronary and skeletal muscle enzyme changes during a 14km run. Acta Med Scand, 1988; 224:183–186.
ZelkoIN, MarianiTJ, FolzRJ: Superoxide dismutase multigene family: A comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression. Free Radic Biol Med, 2002; 33:337–349.
43.
ImaiH, NakagawaY: Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med, 2003; 34:145–169.
44.
Del MaestroR, ThawHH, BjörkJ, et al.: Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl, 1980; 492:43–57.
45.
SivitzWI, YorekMA: Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes: From molecular mechanisms to functional significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal, 2010; 12:537–577.
46.
MikhedY, DaiberA, StevenS: Mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA damage and their role in age-related vascular dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci, 2015; 16:15918–15953.
47.
ReddyvariH, GovatatiS, MathaSK, et al.: Therapeutic effect of green tea extract on alcohol induced hepatic mitochondrial DNA damage in albino wistar rats. J Adv Res, 2017; 8:289–295.
48.
ChoYM, ParkKS, LeeHK: Genetic factors related to mitochondrial function and risk of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2007; 77:S172–S177.
OnyangoIG, LuJ, RodovaM, LeziE, CrafterAB, SwerdlowRH: Regulation of neuron mitochondrial biogenesis and relevance to brain health. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2010; 1802:228–234.
51.
MorenoFJ, Corzo-MartinezM, CastilloMD, VillamielM: Changes in antioxidant activity of dehydrated onion and garlic during storage. Food Res Int, 2006; 39:891–897.
52.
Cardelle-CobasA, MorenoFJ, CorzoN, OlanoA, VillamielM: Assessment of initial stage of Maillard reaction in dehydrated onion and garlic samples. J Agric Food Chem, 2005; 53:9078–9082.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
