The production of interleukin-23 (IL-23) and the expression levels of related genes were evaluated in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The correlations between them were also determined. Thirty patients without sitagliptin (sitagliptin negative; SN), 30 patients with sitagliptin (sitagliptin positive; SP), and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The level of IL-23 in the supernatant of anti CD3-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of IL-23, JAK1/JAK2/TYK2, STAT1/STAT3, ROR-γt, and SOCS1/SOCS3 in PBMCs were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The production of IL-23 and the expressions of IL-23, JAK2, STAT3, and ROR-γt were observed to be enhanced in SN patients versus HCs, while the levels were decreased in SP patients versus SN patients (P < 0.05). SOCS1 and SOCS3 expressions were lower in SN patients than HCs, and their expressions were elevated in SP patients versus SN patients (P < 0.05). In SN patients, positive correlations between the IL-23 with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c were observed, and JAK2/STAT3/ROR-γt were positively correlated with IL-23. JAK2, STAT3, and ROR-γt were positively related to each other and were negatively related to SOCS3. Enhanced IL-23/JAK2/STAT3/ROR-γt and reduced SOCS1/SOCS3 were found in SN patients. Sitagliptin may regulate the IL-23 and related gene expression.
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