Decreased Interleukin-37 Expression in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease and Upregulation Following Immunosuppressive Treatment

Abstract

Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is emerging as an important inhibitor of immune response. This study was set up to investigate the expression of IL-37 in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and to explore its possible regulatory role during inflammation. Twenty-four untreated active VKH patients, 10 VKH patients receiving corticosteroids and cyclosporin A (CsA), and 35 healthy controls were included in this study. IL-37 expression in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these 3 groups was assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Cytokines in the supernatants of stimulated PBMCs and CD4⁺ T cells were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation were measured by flow cytometry. VKH patients showed a decreased IL-37 and IL-27 expression and increased IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in PBMC culture supernatants. IL-37 significantly inhibited the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, but induced IL-27 expression. VKH patients treated with corticosteroids combined with CsA showed a regression of the intraocular inflammation, and treatment was associated with an enhanced IL-37 production. IL-37 did not affect the production of IL-17, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), or IL-10 from CD4⁺ T cells. The present study suggests that a decreased IL-37 expression in VKH patients is associated with a reduced control of the inflammatory response. Treatment of VKH patients with corticosteroids and CsA is associated with an increased expression of IL-37, which suggests that corticosteroids and CsA may partly exert their immunosuppressive effect by upregulating IL-37 production.