Interferon-α (IFN-α) has extremely broad effects on the immune system, and the influence of IFN-α on regulatory T (Treg) cells is not fully known. In this report, Treg cells were analyzed in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) following IFN-α monotherapy or treatment with IFN-α and interleukin (IL)-2. CD4+ and FoxP3+ Treg cells were significantly decreased for 2 weeks after the initiation of IFN-α monotherapy, but recovered later as treatment proceeded. Patients treated with both IFN-α and IL-2 increased their Treg cell levels during the first 2 weeks after initiation of treatment. Patients who derived complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) from IFN-α monotherapy had lower Treg cell levels before treatment than did patients whose disease progressed. Low Treg cell levels before treatment may therefore be advantageous to subsequent immunotherapy with IFN-α, and predictive for treatment results in RCC patients.
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