Using AI to Improve Chronic Disease Outcomes

Holman HR. The Relation of the Chronic Disease Epidemic to the Health Care Crisis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2020; 2(3):167–173. doi:10.1002/acr2.11114.

Fouad MN , Ruffin J , Vickers SM . COVID-19 Is Disproportionately High in African Americans. This Will Come as No Surprise…. Am J Med. 2020; 133(10):e544–e545. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.04.008.

The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, High Blood Pressure, Hyperten sion Statistics and Maps. Accessed December 30, 2021; https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm

CDC, Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, POLARIS, Health Topics – High Blood Pressure. Accessed December 30, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/healthtopics/highbloodpressure.

Muntner P , Hardy ST , Fine LJ , et al. Trends in Blood Pressure Control Among US Adults With Hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. JAMA. 2020; 324(12):1190–1200. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.14545.

Ogunniyi MO , Commodore-Mensah Y , Ferdinand KC . Race, Ethnicity, Hyperten sion, and Heart Disease: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021; 78(24):2460–2470, doi.org/10.1016/jacc.2021.06.017.).

Chen Y , Rolka D , Xie H , Saydah S . Imputed State-Level Prevalence of Achieving Goals To Prevent Complications of Diabetes in Adults with Self-Reported Diabetes – United States, 2017-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020; 69:1665–1670. DOI: doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6945a1.

Greene SJ , Butler J , Albert NM , et al. Medical Therapy for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The CHAMP-HF Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jul 24; 72(4):351–366. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.070. PMID: 30025570.

Nash DB , Joshi M , Ransom ER , Ransom SB . (eds)The Healthcare Quality Book—Vision, Strategy and Tools. 4th ed, Health Administration Press, Chicago, IL, 2019.

Kumar S. , Nash DB . Demand Better, Second River Healthcare Press, Bozeman MT, 2010.

Goitein L , James Brent . Standardized Best Practices and Individual Craft-Based Medicine: A Conversation About Quality. JAMA Internal Medicine. 176. 10.1001/ja mainternmed.2016.1641. 2016.

The complexity problem is common to all chronic disease management. For example, the 2018 AHA and ACC guidelines for cholesterol management, the American Diabetes Association guidelines for diabetes management and the GOLD standard for COPD management will show hundreds of pages of text, decision trees that go on for up to 17 pages, numerous variables, formulae, etc. It is not possible to memorize or apply these complex standards from memory and achieve very high levels of success..

Ventura Hector O. , Taler Sandra J. , Strobeck John E. , Hypertension as a hemod ynamic disease: The role of impedance cardiography in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision making, American Journal of Hypertension, Volume 18, Issue S2, February 2005, Pages 26S–43S, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.002.

Laffin LJ , Kaufman HW , Chen Z , et al. Rise in Blood Pressure Observed Among US Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Circulation. 2021 Dec 6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057075. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34865499.