US Department of Energy. National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap. Washington, DC, 2010.
2.
RosenbergJN, OylerGA, WilkinsonL, BetenbaughMJ. A green light for engineered algae: Redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2008; 19(5):430–436.
3.
LarkumAW, RossIL, KruseO, HankamerB. Selection, breeding and engineering of microalgae for bioenergy and biofuel production. Trends Biotechnol, 2012; 30(4):198–205.
4.
TrentacosteEM, MartinezAM, ZenkT. The place of algae in agriculture: Policies for algal biomass production. Photosynth Res, 2014; doi:10.1007/s11120-014-9985-8
5.
RadakovitsR, JinkersonRE, DarzinsA, PosewitzMC. Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel production. Eukaryot Cell, 2010; 9(4):486–501.
6.
JonesCS, MayfieldSP. Algae biofuels: Versatility for the future of bioenergy. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2012; 23(3):346–351.
7.
RosgaardL, de PorcellinisAJ, JacobsenJH, et al.Bioengineering of carbon fixation, biofuels, and biochemicals in cyanobacteria and plants. J Biotechnol, 2012; 162(1):134–147.
8.
WorkVH, D'AdamoS, RadakovitsR, et al.Improving photosynthesis and metabolic networks for the competitive production of phototroph-derived biofuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2012; 23(3):290–297.
9.
NozziNE, OliverJW, AtsumiS. Cyanobacteria as a platform for biofuel production. Frontiers Bioeng Biotechnol, 2013; 1:7.
10.
HenleyWJ, LitakerRW, NovoveskáL, et al.Initial risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) microalgae for commodity-scale biofuel cultivation. Algal Research, 2013; 2(1):66–77.
11.
EnzingCN, NooijenA, EgginkG, et al.Algae and Genetic Modification. Research, Production and Risks. 2012. Available at: www.wageningenur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343238363239 (Last accessed February2015).
12.
SnowAA, AndowDA, GeptsP, et al.Genetically engineered organisms and the environment: Current status and recommendations. Ecol Appl, 2005; 15(2):377–404.
13.
TiedjeJMC, ColwellRK, GrossmanYL, et al.The planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms: Ecological considerations and recommendations. Ecology, 1989; 70(2):298–315.
14.
GresselJ, van der VlugtCJB, BergmansHEN. Environmental risks of large scale cultivation of microalgae: Mitigation of spills. Algal Research. 2013; 2(3):286–298.
15.
GlaserA, GlickP. Growing Risk: Addressing the Invasive Potential of Bioenergy Feedstocks. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation, 2012.
16.
RyanC. Cultivating Clean Energy: The Promise of Algae Biofuels. Washington, DC: National Resources Defense Council, 2009.
17.
MenetrezMY. An overview of algae biofuel production and potential 3nvironmental impact. Environ Sci Technol, 2012; 46(13):7073–7085.
18.
SnowAA, SmithVH. Genetically engineered algae for biofuels: A key role for ecologists. BioScience, 2012; 62(8):765–768.
19.
GresselJ, van der VlugtCJ, BergmansHE. Cultivated microalgae spills: Hard to predict/easier to mitigate risks. Trends Biotechnol, 2014; 32(2):65–69.
20.
KrimskyS. Genetic Alchemy: The Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1985.
21.
GlassDJ. Impact of Government Regulation on Commercial Biotechnology (Chapter 10). In: OnoRD, ed. Business of Biotechnology. Boston: Newnes, 1991:169–198.
22.
GlassDJ. Regulation of the Commercial Uses of Microorganisms. In: Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
23.
Office of Science and Technology Policy. Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology. Federal Register, 51; 1986:23302–23393.
24.
BergesonLL, AuerCM, HernandezO. Creative adaptation: Enhancing oversight of synthetic biology under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Ind Biotechnol, 2014; 10(5):313–322.
25.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Microbial Products of Biotechnology; Final Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Federal Register, 62; 1997:17910–17958.
26.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Regulation of Microbial Products of Biotechnology: The Regulated Community. Available at: www.epa.gov/oppt/biotech/pubs/ria/ria013.htm (Last accessed September2014).
27.
US Department of Agriculture. Introduction of Genetically Engineered Organisms. Federal Register, 52; 1987:22892–22915.
28.
Organic Consumers Association. GE Algae Approved in Hawaii Despite Widespread Opposition. Available at: www.organicconsumers.org/ge/algae072005.cfm (Last accessed September2014).
29.
National Sea Grant Law Center. Pharmaceutical Research Delayed for Lack of Environmental Review. Available at: http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/SandBar/SandBar4/4.4pharmaceutical.htm (Last accessed September2014).
30.
GlassDJ. Regulating biotech: A case study. Forum Appl Res Public Policy, 1989; 4(3):92–95.
31.
Food and Agriculture Organization. National Aquaculture Legislative Overview Fact Sheets. Available at: www.fao.org/fishery/nalo/search/en (Last accessed January2015).
32.
EggersB, MackenzieR. The Cartagena Protocol on biosafety. J Int Econ Law, 2000; 3(3):525–543.
33.
European Union. Directive 2009/41/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:125:0075:0097:EN:PDF (Last accessed September2014).
34.
European Union. Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001L0018 (Last accessed September2014).
35.
YamanouchiK. Regulatory considerations in the development and application of biotechnology in Japan. Rev Sci Tech (International Office of Epizootics), 2005; 24(1):109–115.
36.
TribeD. Gene technology regulation in Australia: A decade of a federal implementation of a statutory legal code in a context of constituent states taking divergent positions. GM Crops Food, 2012; 3(1):21–29.
37.
DarchH, ShahsavaraniA. The Regulation of organisms used in agriculture under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. In: WozniakCA, McHughenA, eds. Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology: The United States and Canada. The Netherlands: Springer, 2012:137–145.
38.
US Environmental Protection Agency. TSCA Biotechnology Notifications, FY 1998 to Present. Available at: www.epa.gov/biotech_rule/pubs/submiss.htm (Last accessed September2014).
39.
US Department of Agriculture. Notification Procedures for the Introduction of Certain Regulated Articles. Federal Register, 58; 1993:17044–17059.
40.
US Department of Agriculture. Simplification of Requirements and Procedures for Genetically Engineered Organisms. Federal Register, 62; 1997:23945–23958.
41.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Points To Consider in The Preparation of TSCA Biotechnology Submissions for Microorganisms. Available at: www.epa.gov/oppt/biotech/pubs/pdf/ptcbio.pdf (Last accessed September2014).
42.
Algenol. Available at: www.algenol.com (Last accessed February2015).
43.
StraussSH, KershenDL, BoutonJH, et al.Far-reaching deleterious impacts of regulations on research and environmental studies of recombinant DNA-modified perennial biofuel crops in the United States. BioScience, 2010; 60(9):729–741.
44.
US Food and Drug Administration. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Notification Program. Available at: www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/GenerallyRecognizedasSafeGRASNotifications/default.htm (Last accessed September2014).
45.
CTNBIO. Technical Report No. 3775/2013 - Commercial release for the production of triglycerides and bioproducts marketing, and any other related micro-organism Prototheca moriformis activities - Case No. 01200.001052 / 2013-32. Available at: www.ctnbio.gov.br/index.php/content/view/18732.html (Last accessed September2014).