Cassava starch factory residue (CSFR) is a cellulo-starch byproduct of the starch industries in India that contains approximately 56–60% unextracted starch. The potential of this low-cost biowaste as a raw material for ethanol production was investigated using a combination of pretreatment techniques and improved enzyme systems. Hydrothermal pretreatment for 30 min significantly enhanced the biodegradation of CSFR and the possible loosening of the cellulose/hemicellulose matrix, evidenced through ultrastructural studies. Binary enzyme action using Accellerase™ 1000 (cellulolytic enzyme complex) and Stargen™ 001 (granular starch-hydrolyzing enzyme) was advantageous due to ethanol yield obtained with a shorter processing time (72 h). Non-ionic surfactant such as Tween 20® significantly enhanced the ethanol yield by possible scavenging of lignin, preventing nonproductive binding to cellulase. Scanning electron microscopic studies on pretreated CSFR and the residue left after the saccharification/fermentation reaction showed the loss of the granular shape of starch and exposure of cellulose fibrils. The study demonstrates the potential for using CSFR as an alternative substrate for ethanol production.
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