Repeat dosing poses a major hurdle for the development of an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, in part because of the potential for development of an immune reaction to the AAV1 capsid proteins. Here, to dampen the immune response to AAV1, we treated Rhesus monkeys with methylprednisolone before and after the instillation of two doses of AAV1Δ27-264-CFTR into their airways at 0 and 30 days, followed by a single dose of AAV1-GFP on day 60. Animals were euthanized on day 90, except for one monkey that was sacrificed at 1 year. No adverse events occurred, indicating that the two AAV1 vectors are safe. rAAV1-CFTR and AAV1-GFP vector genomes and mRNA transcripts were detectable in all lung sections and in the liver and pancreas at day 90 and after 1 year at levels comparable with animals necropsied at 90 days. The numbers of vector genomes for cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) detected here were higher than those found in the monkeys infected without methylprednisolone treatment that we tested previously.1 Also, lung surface and keratin 5-positive basal cells showed higher CFTR and GFP staining than did the cells from the uninfected monkey control. Positive immunostaining, also detected in the liver and pancreas, remained stable for at least a year. All animals seroconverted for anticapsid antibodies by 90 days post-treatment. The neutralizing antibody titer declined in the animal necropsied at 1 year. Conclusion: AAV1 safely and effectively transduces monkey airway and basal cells. Both the presence of vector genomes and transduction from AAV1-CFTR and AAV1-GFP virus seen in the monkeys 4 months to 1 year after the first instillation suggest that repeat dosing with AAV1-based vectors is achievable, particularly after methylprednisolone treatment.
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