A Social and Behavioral Research Agenda to Facilitate COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in the United States

COVID-19 dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins University of Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center website. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

Doyle AA , Friedlander MSH , Li GD , et al. The evidence and tradeoffs for a “stay-at-home” pandemic response: a multidisciplinary review examining medical, psychological, economic and political impact of “stay-at-home” implementation in America. Working Paper. Draft April 14, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3578841

Goldstein A , Clement S. 7 in 10 Americans would be likely to get a coronavirus vaccine, post-ABC poll finds. The Washington Post. June 2, 2020. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/7-in-10-americans-would-be-likely-to-get-a-coronavirus-vaccine-a-post-abc-poll-finds/2020/06/01/4d1f8f68-a429-11ea-bb20-ebf0921f3bbd_story.html

US Department of Health and Human Services. Fact sheet: explaining Operation Warp Speed. Published June 16, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html

The History of Vaccines: An Educational Resource by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Vaccine development, testing, and regulation. Last updated January 17, 2018. Accessed June 18, 2020. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/vaccine-development-testing-and-regulation

Yi Y , Lagniton PNP , Ye S , Li E , Xu RH . COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2020; 16(10):1753-1766.

Kirkcaldy RD , King BA , Brooks JT . COVID-19 and postinfection immunity: limited evidence, many remaining questions. JAMA. 2020; 323(22):2245-2246.

Huzar T. Scientists discover unique mutation of new coronavirus. Medical News Today. May 7, 2020. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/scientists-discover-unique-mutation-of-new-coronavirus

Lurie N , Saville M , Hatchett R , Halton A . Developing COVID-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1969-1973.

Corey L , Mascola J , Fauci A , Collins F . A strategic approach to COVID-19 vaccine R&D. Science. 2020; 368(6494):948-950.

Khamsi R. If a coronavirus vaccine arrives, can the world make enough?. Nature. 2020; 580:578-580.

Allen A. Why the push for a quick coronavirus vaccine could backfire. Politico. March 20, 2020. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/20/why-the-push-for-a-quick-coronavirus-vaccine-could-backfire-139854

Quinn SC , Kumar S , Freimuth VS , Kidwell K , Musa D . Public willingness to take a vaccine or drug under Emergency Use Authorization during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Biosecur Bioterror. 2009; 7(3):275-290.

Healy J , Roberston C , Tavernise S. How coronavirus is already being viewed through a partisan lens. The New York Times. March 1, 2020. Updated March 5, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/us/coronavirus-us-politics.html

Hersh ED , Goldenberg MN . Democratic and Republican physicians provide different care on politicized health issues. PNAS. October 18,, 2016; 113(42):11811-11816.

Edsall TB. When the mask you're wearing “tastes like socialism.” The New York Times. May 20, 2020. Accessed June 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/opinion/coronavirus-trump-partisanship.html

World Health Organization. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines – 15 July 2020. Published June 15, 2020. Accessed June 16, 2016. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines

Chowkwanyun M , Reed AL . Racial health disparities and Covid-19 – caution and context. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(3):201-203.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 in racial and ethnic minority groups. Updated June 25, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html

Pazzanese C. Battling the “pandemic of misinformation.” The Harvard Gazette. May 8, 2020. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/05/social-media-used-to-spread-create-covid-19-falsehoods/

European External Action Service (EEAS). EEAS special report update: short assessment of narratives and disinformation around the COVID-19/coronavirus pandemic. Update 2 – 22 April, 2020. Published April 04, 2020. Updated April 22, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/77996/eeas-special-report-update-short-assessment-narratives-and-disinformation-around-covid_ko

Roose K. Get ready for a vaccine information war. The New York Times. May 13, 2020. Accessed June 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/technology/coronavirus-vaccine-disinformation.html

Gidengil CA , Parker AM , Zikmund-Fisher BJ . Trends in risk perceptions and vaccine intentions: a longitudinal study of the first year of the H1N1 pandemic. Am J Public Health. 2012; 102:672-679.

Schoch-Spana M , Brunson E , Chandler H , et al. Recommendations on how to manage anticipated communication dilemmas involving medical countermeasures in an emergency. Public Health Rep. 2018; 133(4):366-378.

Bollyky TJ , Gostin LO , Hamburg MA . The equitable distribution of COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines. JAMA. May 07, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6641

Siegel JE , Heeringa JW , Carman KL . Public deliberation in decisions about health research. AMA J Ethics. 2013; 15(1):56-64.

Rambhia KJ , Waton M , Kirk Sell T , et al. Mass vaccination for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: approaches, challenges and recommendations. Biosecur Bioterror. 2010; 8(4):321-330.

Sokolow LZ , Patel A , Koonin KM , Graitcer SB . Scripted surge pharmacy pandemic exercise: testing vaccine administration and antiviral dispensing. Health Secur. 2018; 16(4):262-273.

World Health Organization (WHO). Working Together: An Integration Resource Guide for Immunization Services Throughout the Life Course. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Accessed June 15, 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276546/9789241514736-eng.pdf?ua=1

Atun R , de Jongh T , Secci F , Ohiri K , Adeyi O . A systematic review of the evidence on integration of targeted health interventions into health systems. Health Policy Plan. 2010; 25(1):1-14.

Brewer NT , Chapman GB , Rothman AJ , Leask J , Kempe A . Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action. Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2017; 18(3):149-207.

World Health Organization. Improving vaccination demand and addressing hesitancy. Last updated June 17, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/vaccine_hesitancy/en/

Schoch-Spana M , Bouri N , Rambhia KJ , Norwood A . Stigma, health disparities, and the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: how to protect Latino farmworkers in future health emergencies. Biosecur Bioterror. 2010; 8(3):243-254.

Nandy R. Virtual meeting on improving vaccine uptake - issues of access and hesitancy. Vaccine access and creating demand [video]. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine website. May 28, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/05-28-2020/the-critical-public-health-value-of-vaccines-tackling-issues-of-access-and-hesitancy-a-zoom-meeting

Harrison EA , Wu JW . Vaccine confidence in the time of COVID-19. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020; 35:325-330.

DeRoo SS , Pudalov NJ , Fu LY . Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination program. JAMA. May 18, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8711

Institute of Medicine. The 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign: Summary of a Workshop Series. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2010. https://doi.org/10.17226/12992

Schoch-Spana M , Gronvall GK , Brunson E , et al. How to Steward Medical Countermeasures and Public Trust in an Emergency: A Communication Casebook for FDA and Its Public Health Partners. Baltimore, MD: UPMC Center for Health Security; 2016. Accessed July 20, 2020. https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2016%20FDA%20MCM/FDA_Casebook.pdf

Lurie N , Saville M , Hatchett R , Halton J . Developing Covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speeds. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1969-1973.

Kennedy A , LaVail K , Nowak F , et al. Confidence about vaccines in the United States: understanding parents' perceptions. Health Affairs. 2011; 30(6):1151-1159.

Smith TC . Vaccine rejection and hesitancy: a review and call to action. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(3);ofx146.

Quinn SC , Thomas T , Kumar S . The anthrax vaccine and research: reactions from postal workers and public health professionals. Biosecur Bioterror. 2008; 6(4):321-333.

Plough A , Bristow B , Fielding J , Caldwell S , Khan S . Pandemics and health equity: lessons learned from the H1N1 response in Los Angeles County. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2011; 17(1):20-27.

Williams DR , Lawrence JA , Davis BA . Racism and health: evidence and needed research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019; 40:105-125.

Smedley BD , Stith AY , Nelson AR , eds.; Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care . Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003. doi:10.17226/1, 2875

Washington HA , ed. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Random House, Inc; 2006.

Fu LY , Haimowitz R , Thompson D . Community members trusted by African American parents for vaccine advice. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019; 15(7-8):1715-1722.

Hornsey MJ , Harris EA , Fielding KS . The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation. Health Psychol. 2018; 37(4):307-315.

Browne M. Epistemic divides and ontological confusions: the psychology of vaccine skepticism. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018; 14(10):2540-2542.

Rutjens BT , Sutton RM , van der Lee R . Not all skepticism is equal: exploring the ideological antecedents of science acceptance and rejection. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2018; 44(3):384-405.

Brunson EK , Sobo EJ . Framing childhood vaccination in the United States: getting past polarization in the public discourse. Hum Org. 2017; 76(1):38-47.

Guidry JP , Carlyle K , Messner M , Jin Y . On pins and needles: how vaccines are portrayed on Pinterest. Vaccine. 2015; 33(39):5051-5056.

Kata A. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm—an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine. 2012; 30(25):3778-3789.

Poland GA , Jacobson RM , Ovsyannikova IG . Trends affecting the future of vaccine development and delivery: the role of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and vaccinomics. Vaccine. 2009; 27(25-26):3240-3244.

Witteman HO , Zikmund-Fisher BJ . The defining characteristics of Web 2.0 and their potential influence in the online vaccination debate. Vaccine. 2012; 30(25):3734-3740.