This article critically reviews the literature on the history of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrimes. The first serious effort to review this entire history, made in 1969, had numerous limitations. In recent decades, several authors have filled many of the gaps in our understanding of the past use of biological agents (including both pathogens and toxins), making it possible to reconstruct that history with greater fidelity than previously possible. Nevertheless, there are numerous remaining gaps, and closer inspection indicates that some supposed uses of biological weapons never took place or are poorly substantiated. Topics requiring additional research are identified.
This article critically reviews the literature on the history of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrimes. Although many of the gaps have recently been filled in our understanding of the past use of biological agents (including both pathogens and toxins), there are still numerous areas remaining that require additional research. Closer inspection reveals that some supposed uses of biological weapons never took place or are poorly substantiated.
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