Abstract
Health Equity Action Plans (HEAPs) are a recent strategy employed across health and human services to promote health equity. To inform the development of future HEAPs, as well as to build upon previous initiatives, we evaluated 52 health equity plans and resources from Oregon counties using five criteria: creation date, process orientation, racial equity lens, metrics, and community engagement. When developing future HEAPs, we recommend explicit commitments to collaborate with marginalized communities, to establish measurable goals and defined metrics for assessing progress, to include voices and perspectives of those affected by health inequities, and to detail community strengths, assets, and resources.
Introduction
Oregon state defines health equity as “all people can reach their full health potential and well-being and are not disadvantaged by their race, ethnicity, language, disability, age, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, social class, intersections among these communities or identities, or other socially determined circumstances,” and aims to create a health system that ends health inequities by 2030. 1 The COVID-19 pandemic brought renewed attention to preexisting health inequities worldwide.
In the United States, Health Equity Action Plans (HEAPs) are a recent strategy employed across governmental health and human services to promote health equity. 2 Local public health authorities are required to create a HEAP to work toward achieving this goal.3,4 However, little guidance is available regarding what constitutes a HEAP, although one recent article summarizes how states in the Midwest are promoting health equity. 5 We systematically reviewed what had been done in the state of Oregon thus far, to identify potential plan features to include in a local public health authority HEAP. Here, we provide our insights from this review, to inform the development of future policies and plans designed to advance health equity.
Public Health Modernization
Oregon's Public Health Advisory Board developed a phased plan to modernize the state's public health system over a period of 6 to 10 years, using funds allocated for this purpose. 4 The first phase of implementation prioritizes enhancing the state's ability to advance health equity and cultural responsiveness. 4
Health Equity Action Plans
In guiding documents provided by the Oregon Health Authority, the HEAP is described as an “action plan that addresses key findings from the internal assessment and includes organizational changes that support a health equity lens and cultural responsiveness.” 4 Additionally, it states that the action plan “includes metrics and an accountability structure that identifies responsible work units, tasks, timelines and performance measures.” 4
Oregon Public Health Equity Resources
To determine if existing resources exist in Oregon counties that could inform the development of a local public health authority HEAP, we began with a broad online search, using terms such as “Oregon Health Equity Action Plan.” Next, we went to each of the 36 Oregon county public health division webpages and searched for “Health Equity Action Plan,” “Health Equity,” “Community Health Improvement Plan,” “Community Health Needs Assessment,” “Community Health Assessment,” “Regional Health Improvement Plan,” “Regional Needs Assessment,” and “Strategic Plan.” Via these searches, we documented 52 potentially relevant health equity plans and resources (Table 1). Resources included statements, reports, and assessments.
Oregon County Health Equity Resources
Bold indicates a plan or resource that met all five criteria.
A plan or resource that was created before 2020.
CHA, Community Health Assessments; CHIP, Community Health Improvement Plans; CHNA, Community Health Needs Assessments; CHP, Community Health Plans; CNA, County Needs Assessment; HIP, Health Improvement Plan; RHA, Regional Health Assessment.
Criteria for Evaluating the Health Equity Resources
To evaluate public health equity resources in Oregon counties, we established five criteria (Table 2). Our focus was on recently implemented resources, so the first requirement was that the resource was created in 2020 or later. If this criterion was met, we proceeded to evaluate the next four criteria. The second criterion was to assess whether the resource had a process-focus, meaning it provided a detailed plan on how to achieve the resource's stated health equity goals. The third criterion was to determine if the resource had a racial equity perspective, rather than a more general equity approach. The fourth criterion evaluated whether tools and metrics were included to track progress toward stated objectives. Finally, we assessed whether robust community involvement was evident, which served as our fifth and final criterion.
Criteria for Evaluating Oregon County Health Equity Resources
Evaluating Health Equity Resources by Criteria
Of the 52 total plans and resources, 21 were created before 2020, so were not subsequently evaluated on the remaining criteria. Of the 31 plans that were evaluated on the subsequent four criteria, 23 had a process-focus, 22 included a racial-equity lens, 22 specified tools or metrics to be used to assess progress, and 23 involved community voices. Eleven resources met all criteria. None were explicitly called a HEAP, but the Columbia River Gorge Health Equity Plan 20206 came the closest to being a HEAP. The other 10 that met all criteria were more focused health equity resources (see bold plans in Table 1). This does not imply that counties throughout Oregon are not involved in this work, but it underscores the novelty of this initiative and the difficulty of integrating all these concepts into a single, comprehensive plan.
Columbia River Gorge Health Equity Plan (2020)
As an illustration of our evaluation process, we will review the Columbia River Gorge Health Equity Plan (2020), 6 the plan closest to a HEAP in Oregon. First, this plan satisfies our first criterion, as it was created in 2020. The plan has three overarching goals: (1) help agencies in the Gorge develop a better understanding and working knowledge of equity; (2) support agencies in assessing and understanding where each is on its journey toward equity; and (3) identify supports and resources to help these agencies adopt equitable policies and practices.
Second, this plan is process-focused, providing a detailed plan of action both internally and externally to achieve the stated goals. For instance, the plan outlines the development of guidance for community service providers and partners, which involve the county identifying and developing resources, tools, training, and services. The creation of these resources would help achieve plan goal three. External processes are also specified, such as ongoing facilitated meetings designed to assess the individual and collective strengths and needs of community partners, which would advance plan goal two.
Third, this plan adopts a racial-equity lens, identifying gaps between agencies and service providers to address equity issues, and specifically including Latinx and Native American serving organizations in the process. The plan also involves a process by which survey questions go through a community advisory council to ensure that the survey language is in plain English and Spanish. Surveys are also designed to be passed out or done in-person to ensure participation by those most impacted by health inequities. The Columbia River Gorge Health Equity Plan (2020) is available in Spanish as well.
Fourth, both internal and external assessment tools are provided. One internal tool is the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Spectrum Tool, which ensures accountability by assessing organizational progress toward health equity. Additionally, external data from a community health assessment is used throughout the plan to calculate an inequity measure, and updated metrics on this measure can be used to evaluate progress toward the three broad plan goals.
Finally, community involvement with this plan was robust and included collaborations with state, local, and regional partners. To develop the plan, three collaborative community health needs assessments were conducted, and quotes from individual community members were included in the plan. Six community partners were also highlighted.
Recommendations
Based on our findings, we have five recommendations for local public health agencies embarking on creating a HEAP. Our first recommendation is to include a process-focused approach to achieving the specified health equity goals in the plan. While documents such as Community Health Improvement Plans often prioritize external metrics, they often lack sufficient detail on internal work plans. It is important to address this gap to ensure that staff have a clearly defined path forward for achieving the goals.
Second, we suggest making an explicit commitment to working with Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities, starting with a focus on race instead of broad equity statements. It is crucial to acknowledge the historical and current harm caused by local government and public health and demonstrate a clear commitment to engaging with BIPOC communities.
Third, include clear metrics that can be used to evaluate progress on the plan. Through this review, we saw examples of both progress- and outcome-metrics, both of which are necessary components of a HEAP. It will be particularly important to include community input in developing not only the metrics but also the strategies used to achieve health equity outcomes.
Fourth, we recommend intentionally including the voices of communities impacted by health inequities in the development of the plan. We saw this example clearly in the Columbia Gorge Health Equity Plan 20206 and appreciated the clear attention to community engagement. We believe that including community voices will lead to a stronger planning process and development of programs that better meet the needs of impacted communities.
Finally, we recommend a focus on community strengths, assets, and resources. Often, there is a focus on needs, without the inclusion of strengths. Recognizing that communities may already have solutions in place can help build on strengths and identify where we can add funding, capacity, or other support to these efforts.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
All authors jointly conceived the article. A.P. conducted the review of Oregon resources. A.P., G.E., and E.W. worked together to create the first draft. M.B. reviewed and edited subsequent drafts.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
Funding Information
Oregon Health Authority AmeriCorps Public Health Division Partnership; Washington County Public Health.