BrayF, FerlayJ, SoerjomataramI, SiegelRL, TorreLA, JemalA. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018; 68:394.
2.
CastlePE, SchiffmanM, WheelerCM, SolomonD. Evidence for frequent regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-grade 2. Obstet Gynecol, 2009; 113:18.
3.
Practice Bulletin No. 168: Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention. Obstet Gynecol, 2016; 128:e111.
4.
National CancerSurveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER). Institute Cancer Stat Facts: Cervical Cancer. Online document at: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html. Accessed September18, 2021.
5.
BeavisAL, GravittPE, RositchAF. Hysterectomy-corrected cervical cancer mortality rates reveal a larger racial disparity in the United States. Cancer, 2017; 123:1044.
6.
StelzleD, TanakaLF, LeeKK, et al.Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV. Lancet Glob Health, 2021; 9:e161.
7.
JenkinsD. Chapter 1: A brief history of cervical cancer. In: Jenkins D, Bosch X, eds. Human Papillomavirus: Proving and Using a Viral Cause for Cancer. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2019:1.
8.
LowyI. A Woman's Disease: The History of Cervical Cancer. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
9.
FreundWA. Comments on my method of uterine extension. Zbl Gynäkol, 1878; 2:497.
10.
JordanJA. The diagnosis and management of premalignant conditions of the cervix. Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 1976; 3:295.
11.
HinselmannH. Der Begriff der Umwandlungszone der Portio (translation by the authors: The concept of the ectocervical transformation zone). Arch Gynäkol, 1927; 131:422.
12.
HinselmannH. Die Kolposkopie (Translation by the Authors: Colposcopy). Girardet: Wuppertal-Elberfeld, 1954.
13.
MacfarlaneC, SturgisMC, FettermanF. Periodic examination of the female pelvic organs and breasts: Report of a fifteen-year research on the control of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin, 1953; 3:205.
14.
VilosGA. The history of the Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou. Obstet Gynecol, 1998; 91:479.
15.
PapanicolaouGN, TrautHF. Diagnosis of uterine cancer by the vaginal smear. New York. 1943; 46.
16.
ReaganJW. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Exfoliative Cytology. Am J Clin Pathol, 1963; 40:649.
17.
KellyHA, BurrageWL. American Medical Biographies. Norman: Remington Company, 1920.
18.
AyreJE. Diagnosis of preclinical cancer of the cervix. JAMA, 1948; 138:11.
19.
ArnottJ. On the Treatment of Cancer by the Regulated Application of an Anaesthetic Temperature. London: Churchill, 185.
20.
RubinskyB. Cryosurgery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 2000; 2:157.
21.
CooperI, LeeA. Cryostatic conge-lation: A system for producing a limited controlled region of cooling or freezing of biological tissue. J Nerv Ment Dis, 1961; 133:259.
22.
CahanWG. Cryosurgery of the uterus: Description of technique and potential application. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1964; 88:410.
23.
CrispWE, SmithMS, AsadourianLA, WarrenburgCB. Cryosurgical treatment of premalignant disease of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1970; 107:737.
24.
MotleyRJ. John Marshall's first description of surgical electrocautery. J R Soc Med, 2012; 105:96.
25.
SemmK. New apparatus for the “cold-coagulation” of benign cervical lesions. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1966; 95:963.
26.
EdmonsonJM. Nineteenth Century Surgical Instruments: A Catalogue of the Gustav Weber collection at the Howard Dittrick Museum of Historical Medicine. Cleveland, Ohio: Historical Division, Cleveland Health Sciences Library, 1986.
27.
KhanMJ, Smith-McCuneKK. Treatment of cervical precancers: Back to basics. Obstet Gynecol, 2014; 123:1339.
28.
PatelCKN. Continuous wavelength action on vibrational rotational transitions of CO2. Phys Rev, 1964; 136:1187.
29.
KaplanI, GoldmanJ, GerR. The treatment of erosions of the uterine cervix by means of the CO2 laser. Obstet Gynecol, 1973; 41:795.
30.
DorseyJH, DiggsES. Microsurgical conization of the cervix by carbon dioxide laser. Obstet Gynecol, 1979; 54:565.
31.
BellinaJH. Gynecology and the laser. Contemp Obstet Gynecol, 1974; 4:24.
32.
Zur HausenH, GissmannL, SteinerW, DippoldW, DregerI. Human papilloma viruses and cancer. Biblioth Haematol, 1976; 569.
33.
WalboomersJM, JacobsMV, ManosMM, et al.Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol, 1999; 189:12.
34.
SchillerJT, LowyDR. Prospects for cervical cancer prevention by human papillomavirus vaccination. Cancer Res, 2006; 66:10229.
35.
ArbynM, SasieniP, MeijerCJLM, ClavelC, KoliopoulosG, DillnerJ. Clinical applications of HPV testing: A summary of meta-analyses. Vaccine, 2006; 24:Suppl 3:78.
36.
DennyL, KuhnL, De SouzaM, PollackAE, DupreeW, WrightTC. Screen-and-treat approaches for cervical cancer prevention in low-resource settings: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005; 294:2173.
37.
SantessoN, MustafaRA, SchünemannHJ, et al.World Health Organization Guidelines for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2–3 and screen-and-treat strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 2016; 132:252.
SantessoN, MustafaRA, WierciochW, et al.Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of benefits and harms of cryotherapy, LEEP, and cold knife conization to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 2016; 132:266.
40.
D'AlessandroP, ArduinoB, BorgoM, et al.Loop electrosurgical excision procedure versus cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther, 2018; 7:145.
41.
SmithJS, SanusiB, SwartsA, et al.A randomized clinical trial comparing cervical dysplasia treatment with cryotherapy vs loop electrosurgical excision procedure in HIV-seropositive women from Johannesburg, South Africa. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2017; 217:183–e1.
42.
GreeneSA, De VuystH, John-StewartGC, et al.Effect of cryotherapy vs loop Electrosurgical excision procedure on cervical disease recurrence among women with HIV and high-grade cervical lesions in Kenya: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2019; 322:1570.
43.
MonteiroAC, RussomanoFB, CamargoMJ, SilvaKS, VeigaFR, OliveiraRG. Cervical stenosis following electrosurgical conization. Sao Paulo Med J, 2008; 126:209.
44.
LoobuyckHA, DuncanID. Destruction of CIN 1 and 2 with the Semm cold coagulator: 13 years' experience with a see-and-treat policy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1993; 100:465.
45.
CarcopinoX, ManciniJ, GondryJ, et al.Risk factors of inadequate colposcopy after large loop excision of the transformation zone: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Low Genit Tract Dis, 2018; 22:31.
46.
Suh-BurgmannEJ, Whall-StrojwasD, ChangY, HundleyD, GoodmanA. Risk factors for cervical stenosis after loop electrocautery excision procedure. Obstet Gynecol, 2000; 96:657.
47.
PennaC, FambriniM, FallaniMG, PieralliA, ScarselliG, MarchionniM. Laser CO2 conization in postmenopausal age: Risk of cervical stenosis and unsatisfactory follow-up. Gynecol Oncol, 2005; 96:771.
48.
KyrgiouM, MitraA, ArbynM, et al.Fertility and early pregnancy outcomes after conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015; 9:CD008478.
49.
BjørgeT, SkareGB, BjørgeL, TropéA, LönnbergS. Adverse pregnancy outcomes after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol, 2016; 128:1265.
50.
KyrgiouM, AthanasiouA, KallialaIEJ, et al.Obstetric outcomes after conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial lesions and early invasive disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017; 2:CD012847.
51.
HeinonenA, GisslerM, RiskaA, PaavonenJ, TapperAM, JakobssonM. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and the risk for preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2013; 121:1063.
52.
WiikJ, NilssonS, KärrbergC, et al.Associations of treated and untreated human papillomavirus infection with preterm delivery and neonatal mortality: A Swedish population-based study. PLoS Med, 2021; 18:e1003641.
53.
NiyibiziJ, MayrandMH, AudibertF, et al.Association between human papillomavirus infection among pregnant women and preterm birth. JAMA Netw Open, 2021; 4:e2125308.
54.
PerkinsRB, GuidoRS, CastlePE, et al.2019 ASCCP risk-based management consensus guidelines for abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Lower Genit Tract Dis, 2020; 24:102.
55.
WrightTC, CoxJT, MassadLS, CarlsonJ, TwiggsLB, WilkinsonEJ. 2001 ASCCP-sponsored Consensus Workshop. 2001 consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003; 189:295.
56.
ArbynM, RedmanCW, VerdoodtF, et al.Incomplete excision of cervical precancer as a predictor of treatment failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2017; 18:1665.
57.
JouraEA, GarlandSM, PaavonenJ, et al.Effect of the human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in a subgroup of women with cervical and vulvar disease: Retrospective pooled analysis of trial data. BMJ, 2012; 344:e1401.
58.
KangWD, ChoiHS, KimSM. Is vaccination with quadrivalent HPV vaccine after loop electrosurgical excision procedure effective in preventing recurrence in patients with highgrade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2-3)?. Gynecol Oncol, 2013; 130:264.
59.
DesravinesN, MieleK, CarlsonR, ChibweshaC, RahangdaleL. Topical therapies for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2–3: A narrative review. Gynecol Oncol Rep, 2020; 33:100608.
60.
FonsecaBO, Possati-ResendeJC, SalcedoMP, et al.Topical imiquimod for the treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol, 2021; 137:1043.
61.
GrimmC, PolterauerS, NatterC, et al.Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with topical imiquimod: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol, 2012; 120:152.
62.
RahangdaleL, LippmannQK, GarciaK, BudwitD, SmithJS, van LeL. Topical 5-fluorouracil for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2014; 210:314.e1.
63.
GeislerS, SpeiserS, SpeiserL, HeinzeG, RosenthalA, SpeiserP. Short-term efficacy of trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol, 2016; 127:353.
64.
World Health Organization. Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer as a Public Health Problem. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
65.
SauvagetC, MuwongeR, SankaranarayananR. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 2013; 120:218.
66.
WHO Guidelines for the Use of Thermal Ablation for Cervical Pre-Cancer Lesions. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
67.
DolmanL, SauvagetC, MuwongeR, SankaranarayananR. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of cold coagulation as a treatment method for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A systematic review. BJOG, 2014; 121:929.
68.
OgaEA, BrownJP, BrownC, et al.Recurrence of cervical intraepithelial lesions after thermo-coagulation in HIV-positive and HIV-negative Nigerian women. BMC Womens Health, 2016; 16:25.
69.
JordanJ, WoodmanC, MylotteM, EmensJ, WilliamsD. The treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by laser vaporisation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1985; 92:394.
70.
SinghA, ArthurB, AgarwalV. LEEP verses cryotherapy in CIN. J Obstet Gynaecol India, 2011; 61:431.
71.
LoizziP, CarrieroC, Di GesùA, RestaL, NappiR. Rational use of cryosurgery and cold knife conization for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 1992; 13:507.
72.
TaborA, BergetA. Cold knife and laser conisation for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol, 1990; 76:633.
73.
SchockaertS, PoppeW, ArbynM, VergutsT, VergutsJ. Incidence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia after hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A retrospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2008; 199:113.
74.
Clarke-PearsonDL, GellerEJ. Complications of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol, 2013; 121:654.