Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Wnt1/β-catenin expression and the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The mRNA and protein expression levels of Wnt1/β-catenin genes in 70 ESCC and 15 adjacent noncancerous paraffin-embedded samples were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expression level of Wnt1/β-catenin in ESCC was significantly higher than that in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (1.9934 ± 1.9888 vs. 0.8863 ± 0.665, p = 0.0184; 0.2854 ± 0.1298 vs. 0.0128 ± 0.0158, p = 0.0000, respectively), and the overexpression of Wnt1/β-catenin mRNA was aggressively associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stage (p < 0.0001). The protein expression level of Wnt1/β-catenin was also significantly higher than that in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (0.3830 ± 0.0947 vs. 0.2721 ± 0.1474, p = 0.0002; 0.2835 ± 0.0844 vs. 0.2352 ± 0.0670, p = 0.0210, respectively); however, the overexpression was not associated with clinicopathologic characteristics. Meanwhile, the protein expression level of Wnt1 had no relevance with that of β-catenin. The overexpression of Wnt1/β-catenin might be an important molecular marker to predict the clinicopathologic stage and prognosis of ESCC, and the level of Wnt1/β-catenin mRNA was conversely correlated with lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stage. The overexpression of Wnt1/β-catenin mRNA should also predict poor prognosis of ESCC; however, it might not be an independent prognostic factor.

Introduction

The development of a multicellular organ involves a varied signal transduction pathway to coordinate and activate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A critical mediator is the Wnt signaling pathway, which contributes to embryogenesis and stable function of the organism (Logan and Nusse, 2004; Moon et al., 2004; Nusse, 2005). Wnt1, an important Wnt family member, is linked to a range of tumors because of the aberrant Wnt1/β-catenin signal (Lo Muzio et al., 2002; Nakashima et al., 2008; Wieczorek et al., 2008; Zhang and Xue, 2008; Lu et al., 2009). Besides the impact of environment, the process of esophageal tumorigenesis at the molecular level is related to disorders of cell amplification, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. Studies have reported that the activation of T-cell factor (TCF)-dependent transcription was caused by the accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines cultured in abundant Wnt1-conditioned medium (Mizushima et al., 2002). Moreover, the frequent methylation of tumor suppressor gene Wnt1 inhibitory factor 1 in esophageal cancer results in the abnormal expression of Wnt1 (Chan et al., 2007). This study was designed to test the Wnt1/β-catenin expression in ESCC tissues and the impacts on the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of patients with ESCC.

Materials and Methods

Cases selection

Between June 2002 and December 2003, 70 ESCC and 15 adjacent noncancerous paraffin-embedded samples were collected from Tumor Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The features of 70 cases are shown in Table 1. Preoperative examinations including biopsy, barium X-ray, computed tomography, and ultrasonic endoscopy were performed. All patients received no treatment before operation, and all underwent radical resection for ESCC. All samples collected were sent to postoperative pathological examination, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (2002) pathological grade of pTNM standards including tumor size, lymph node, and metastasis (Greene, 2002). Clinical follow-up after surgery was based on periodic visit (every 3 months in the first year, every 6 months in the second year, and then yearly until relapse). The follow-up time for survivors ranged from 8 to 62 months (median: 40 months). On the endpoint of May 31, 2009, 4 out of 70 patients were found to be lost in the follow-up. The use of specimens for analyses was approved by the Ethics Committee of Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University. The use of study specimens for analyses was approved by the research ethics committee of Nanjing Medical University of Medical Sciences.

Table 1.

Characteristics of 70 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Specimens for Immunohistochemistry

Characteristics	Number of patients (%, range, or median)
Age (median)	38-82 years (60)
Sex
Male (%)	51 (72.9%)
Female (%)	19 (27.1%)
Tumor location
Cervical	3 (4.3%)
Upper	13 (18.6%)
Middle	39 (55.7%)
Lower	15 (21.4%)
Tumor size (median)	10-90 mm (44)
AJCC stage
I-II	56 (80%)
III-IV	14 (20%)
Histological differentiation
Well	12 (17.2%)
Middle	43 (61.4%)
Poor	15 (21.4%)

AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.

RNA extraction and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on paraffin-embedded sections from 70 ESCC patients and 15 adjacent noncancerous samples. Briefly, total RNA was extracted by Recover All™ Total nucleic Acid Isolation (cat. no. 1975; Ambion, Austin, TX). Ten micrograms of Dnase I-treated total RNA was used for reverse transcription with Superscript III (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). An aliquot representing 100 ng of input RNA was amplified by RT-PCR using the TaqMan PCR reagent kit and assay-on-demand gene expression products (FAM/Sybr, Foster City, CA). RNA extracted from the noncancerous lesion of a patient was used as the standard. After reverse transcription, standard cDNA was serially diluted to five standard solutions to prepare the reference curve. The primary design is shown in Table 2. RT-PCR was carried out using the Rotor-Gene 3000 Real-Time PCR kit (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia) with 10000 × Sybergreen (Molecular Probes, Houston, TX). After reverse transcription, standard cDNA was serially diluted to five standard solutions to prepare the standard curve. The relative amount of cDNA in each sample was measured by interpolation using the standard curve, and then the relative ratio of β-catenin and Wnt1 to β-actin (the housekeeping gene) expression was calculated for each ESCC sample.

Table 2.

Primer Sequences for Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

Gene	Bidirectional primer sequences	Reannealing temperature (°C)	Product length (bp)
Beta-actin	F 5′CCTGTACGCCAACACAGTGC3′
	R 5′ATACTCCTGCTTGCTGATCC3′	60	211
Beta-catenin	F 5′AAAATGGCAGTGCGTTTAG 3′
	R 5′TTTGAAGGCAGTCTGTCGTA3′	60	100
Wnt1	F 5′CAGAGCCACGAGTTTGGATGTT3′
	R 5′GATTGGGTTGGGTTGGAGGTAA3′	60	92

Immunohistochemistry

Histopathologic evaluation was performed on 4-μm slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Fig. 1). Commercially available rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Wnt1 (H-89, 1:200 diluted; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and β-catenin mouse monoclonal antibody (C19220, 1:200 diluted; Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY) were used as primary antibodies. A paraffin section of the ESCC sample was deparaffinized and rehydrated in graded alcohol to water. Antigenic enhancement was performed by submerging in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and microwaving. Endogenous peroxide activity was quenched by applying 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for10 min, followed by incubation with 1% bovine serum albumin to block nonspecific binding. The primary antibody was incubated for 60 min at 37°C. After washing, the tissue sections were then reacted with the biotinylated anti-rabbit Wnt1 IgG (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and anti-mouse β-catenin IgG (Vector Laboratories). The slides were immersed in the prepared diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution. Slides were then counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated, placed in xylene, coverslipped, and analyzed by optical microscopy. Each section was evaluated by at least two independent professional pathologists without knowledge of the stage and patient profiles. The distribution of Wnt1 and β-catenin was scored on a semiquantitative scale, and the percentage of tumor cell positive was recorded and divided as follows: negative (<10% tumor cells positive), locally positive (10-50% tumor cells positive), diffusely positive (>50% tumor cells positive).

FIG. 1.

Hematoxylin and eosin staining of ESCC tissues. The tumor cells of cancerous tissues were stained violet in the nuclei and pink in the cytoplasm (× 200). ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Color images available online at www.liebertonline.com/gtmb.

Statistical analysis

Data of characteristics of 70 ESCC were expressed as median and percentage, and data of mRNA, protein expression, and clinicopathologic characteristics were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using the Stata v9.0-CYGiSO bin (Computer Resource Center, Atlanta, GA). The significance of differences among groups was determined by Student's t-test and chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Correlation between Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression was determined by correlation test. The difference in free survival between groups was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test. The starting point for calculating free survival was the date of surgery, and the endpoint was the date of death. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Wnt1/β-catenin mRNA expression in ESCC

The amplification curve and standard curve of β-catenin and Wnt1 are shown in Figure 2. The posttranscriptional levels of the β-catenin and Wnt1 mRNA expression in ESCC were significantly higher than that in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (p < 0.05), and the overexpression was aggressively associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stage (p < 0.05) (Tables 3-4), indicating the poor prognosis of patients with ESCC (Fig. 3A, B).

FIG. 2.

Total RNA was extracted for subsequent reverse transcription, and standard cDNA was serially diluted to obtain five standard solutions (1 × 10⁻¹, 1 × 10⁻², 1 × 10⁻³, 1 × 10⁻⁴, 1 × 10⁻⁵) for polymerase chain reaction to generate the reference curve. (A) Amplification and standard curves of Wnt1; a(slope rate of the straight line) = −3.30684, b(intercept) = 6.77005, r(coefficient correlation) = 0.99971. (B) Amplification and standard curves of β-catenin; a(slope rate of the straight line) =−3.329, b(intercept) = 7.7249, r(coefficient correlation) = 0.998.

FIG. 3.

Immunohistochemical staining of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for Wnt1 (A) and β-catenin (B): protein expression in ESCC was stronger than that in adjacent noncancerous esophagus (× 200).

Table 3.

Association Between Wnt1 mRNA and Protein Expression and Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Wnt1	mRNA	Protein	p-Value for mRNA	p-Value for protein
Cancerous tissue	1.9934 ± 1.9888	0.3830 ± 0.0947	0.0184	0.0002
Adjacent noncancerous	0.8863 ± 0.6658	0.2721 ± 0.1474
Pathologic stage
I-II	0.6870 ± 0.3530	0.3880 ± 0.1021	<0.0001	0.8062
III-IV	0.2685 ± 0.0984	0.3633 ± 0.0548
Lymph node metastases
+	0.7125 ± 0.3659	0.3990 ± 0.1024	<0.0001	0.1967
−	0.2511 ± 0.0928	0.3770 ± 0.0920
Cell differentiation
Well	1.3995 ± 1.2760	0.3817 ± 0.0831	p₁ = 0.252^a	p₁ = 0.862^b
Middle	1.1735 ± 1.0862	0.3796 ± 0.1029	p₂ = 0.154^a	p₂ = 0.922^b
Poor	0.5909 ± 0.5665	0.3967 ± 0.0827	p₃ = 0.779^a	p₃ = 0.997^b

p₁: well-differentiated compared with middle-differentiated; p₂: well-differentiated compared with poorly differentiated; p₃: middle-differentiated compared with poorly differentiated.

Table 4.

Association Between β-Catenin mRNA and Protein Expression and Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

β-Catenin	mRNA	Protein	p-Value for mRNA	p-Value for protein
Cancerous tissue	0.2854 ± 0.1298	0.2835 ± 0.0844	0.0000	0.0210
Adjacent noncancerous	0.0128 ± 0.0158	0.2352 ± 0.0670
I-II	0.0751 ± 0.0356	0.2899 ± 0.0881
III-IV	0.3667 ± 0.1928	0.2580 ± 0.0642
Lymph node metastases			0.0000	0.2825
+	0.3413 ± 0.1803	0.2739 ± 0.0619
−	0.0776 ± 0.0369	0.2870 ± 0.091
Cell differentiation
Well	0.1258 ± 0.0671	0.2908 ± 0.0933	p₁ = 0.012^a	p₁ = 0.907^b
Middle	0.2335 ± 0.0856	0.2785 ± 0.0826	p₂ = 0.000^a	p₂ = 0.999^b
Poor	0.3109 ± 0.1921	0.2920 ± 0.0873	p₃ = 0.011^a	p₃ = 0.870^b

See Table 3 footnote for the definitions of p₁, p₂, and p₃.

β-Catenin and Wnt1 protein expression in ESCC

The protein expression levels of β-catenin and Wnt1 in ESCC were all significantly higher than that in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (Fig. 4); however, the overexpression was not associated with lymph node metastasis, advanced pathological stage, and cell differentiation (Tables 3 and 4). According to the median level of β-catenin protein expression (0.2491), 70 patients were divided into high and low expression groups. To the end of the follow-up, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of the two groups showed no significant differences, and the comparison by log-rank test were χ² = 0.7268, p = 0.3972; χ² = 1.6758, p = 0.3027; and χ² = 2.1085, p = 0.4460, respectively. Similarly, the median level of Wnt1 protein expression (0.3784) and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of the two groups showed no significant differences, and the comparison by log-rank test were χ² = 0.0901, p = 0.956; χ² =1.8068, p = 0.613; and χ² = 2.8068, p = 0.0795, respectively.

FIG. 4.

(A) Effects of Wnt1 mRNA expression with the prognosis of ESCC patients: the survival rate was higher in the down-expressed group (level 1) than in the up-expressed group (level 2); p = 0.032. (B) Effects of β-catenin mRNA expression with the prognosis of ESCC patients: the survival rate was higher in the down-expressed group (level 1) than in the up-expressed group (level 2); p = 0.0024.

Relationship between Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression in ESCC

As shown in Figure 5, the correlation between Wnt1 and β-catenin was not statistically significant (p = 0.6189674).

FIG. 5.

Correlation between Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression in ESCC; r = 0.0596, t = 0.49953738, p = 0.6189674.

Discussion

According to different mechanisms and roles, Wnt signaling has been divided into typical and atypical pathways, activated by the extracellular Wnt binding the curled transmembrane receptors (James et al., 2008). In the typical Wnt pathway, Wnt binding of the curled transmembrane receptor (Fz) and the related protein family of low-concentration lipoprotein receptor could inhibit the β-catenin degradation complex composed of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene, scaffolding protein Axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and casein kinase I (Corrigan et al., 2009). Then β-catenin accumulates in the cytoplasm and enters the nucleus, subsequently binding the TCF/lymphoid enhancing factor family to activate Wnt target genes including c-Myc (Fillmore et al., 2009), Cyclin D1 (Egashira et al., 2009; Matsubayashi et al., 2009), vascular endothelial growth factor A (Clifford et al., 2008), and extracellular metalloprotease-7 (Tian et al., 2009), which results in changes in cellular procedures involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis (Dihlmann et al., 2005; Barker and Clevers, 2006; Huang et al., 2006). However, atypical Wnt signaling is implicated in a number of different downstream effectors, which are mediated by the FZD family receptor and receptor complex, such as ROR2 and RYK (Lyu et al., 2008; Winkel et al., 2008; Verkaar et al., 2009), thereby controlling cell movement and organism polarity (Herbst and Kolligs, 2007; Katoh and Katoh, 2007). Investigations have confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin would be a new molecular target for therapy of cancer (Paul and Dey, 2008). So, it is important to explore what role Wnt/β-catenin plays in ESCC.

A previous study had found that β-catenin mRNA expression was obviously abnormal in early ESCC and overexpression was implicated in poor prognosis of ESCC patients (Ji et al., 2007). Without a doubt, the present results proved it once again. Thus RT-PCR and immunohistochemical method were performed to further verify the relationship between Wnt1/β-catenin and the clinical pathology and prognosis of ESCC. At posttranscriptional level, β-catenin mRNA expression in ESCC was significantly higher than that in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (p < 0.05), and its overexpression was aggressively associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stage (p < 0.05). Confusedly, as shown in the results, although the level of β-catenin protein was significantly higher than that in adjacent noncancerous tissues of ESCC (p < 0.05), no significant relevance was shown with the pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, or cell differentiation. There was also no correlation between level of β-catenin protein and the prognosis, with the 5-year survival rate unaffected (p > 0.05). The possible reasons were as follows: (1) we did not rule out the sample selection bias or information bias; (2) we did not rule out the false-positive results from RT-PCR; (3) β-catenin was not considered as a dependent prognostic factor. So far, the relationship between abnormal expression of β-catenin and prognostic indicators in esophageal cancer remains poorly understood. Nakanishi et al. (1997) reported that β-catenin expression in esophageal cancer cell membrane decreased to 73%, and β-catenin expression was directly correlated with the pathological grade; however, no value in prognosis was observed. Krishnadath et al. (1997) reported that the rate of β-catenin weak expression in esophageal cancer was 72%; meanwhile, there were statistically significant differences between the dysfunction of β-catenin and the pathological grade (p < 0.01) and shorter survival time (p = 0. 01), indicating that the reduced β-catenin expression was correlated with poor prognosis. Otherwise, Osterheld et al. (2002) reported that, with β-catenin abnormal expression rate of 61% (43/70), β-catenin abnormal expression was not correlated with the pathological grade or lymph node metastasis (p > 0.05); however, abnormal β-catenin expression showed better prognosis. Taking into account that the above sample size was smaller and β-catenin protein content in esophageal specimens was determined by an immunohistochemical method, which might be implicated in a certain degree of subjective factors of immunohistochemical criteria, the experimental results were bound to have certain deviations. Concordance was observed between the β-catenin mRNA level and protein level in ESCC tissue by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in our center; nevertheless, the changes of both were discrepant with clinical pathological staging and prognosis, and so large sample and multicenter prospective randomized studies on its transcriptional level and protein level should also be further carried out to reduce the impact of bias.

Meantime, this study also showed the consistency of the expression levels of Wnt1 between the mRNA and protein, which were significantly higher than in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (p < 0.05). Combined with the high expression in the mRNA and protein level of β-catenin in ESCC, the results suggested that Wnt1 induced the transcription of β-catenin/TCF in ESCC, which was consistent with the literature (Mizushima et al., 2002). Wnt1/β-catenin plays an important role in the occurrence and development of ESCC, and so it is potentially an important molecular marker to determine disease staging and prognosis of ESCC. Further analysis showed that the overexpression of Wnt1 mRNA in the advanced stage and lymph node samples was directly correlated to the pathological stage and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). All these indicated that Wnt1 played an important role to a large extent in the onset rather than in the progression of ESCC. Meanwhile, it was also found that Wnt1 was not related to the tumor cell differentiation (p > 0.05). Therefore, it is reasonable to come to a conclusion that Wnt1 mRNA expression may affect the prognosis of patients with ESCC. But the interesting result was that the expression level of Wnt1 protein did not show correlation with the pathological stage or lymph node metastasis either, simultaneously, which is the same relationship as shown between the expression level of Wnt1 protein and the survival time of patients (p > 0.05). Taking into account that the abnormal expression of other nuclear genes at the protein level may be involved in the progress of ESCC, which may be interfered or in coordination with Wnt1 protein expression, the hypothesis was drawn that Wnt1 was not an independent prognostic factor, besides the possible bias for the smaller sample size.

In addition, there was no correlation between Wnt1 and β-catenin expression in the protein level (r = 0.0596). The prompt may be as following: (1) there are not only Wnt1 but also other Wnt family members that play a role in the process of ESCC; (2) Wnt1 signaling plays a role in ESCC through the typical pathway rather than the atypical, or in some proportion of both channels at the same time; (3) in the translation phase, there are other effects of target gene expression in Wnt pathway and Wnt1 expression may also be regulated by other nuclear factors.

In a word, the level of Wnt1/β-catenin mRNA is conversely correlated with advanced pathological stage and lymph node metastasis. The overexpression of Wnt1/β-catenin mRNA should be involved in poor prognosis of patients with ESCC; however, it might not be an independent prognostic factor, and it should be further verified by experiments with larger samples, more comprehensive follow-ups, and more advanced experimental techniques.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, and Nanjing Health Bureau (no. ZKX0114). We also appreciate Mr. Qianglin Duan for paper revision.

Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

References

Barker

, Clevers

. 2006. Mining the Wnt pathway for cancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 5:997-1014.

Chan

, Cui

, van Hasselt

et al. 2007. The tumor suppressor Wnt inhibitory factor 1 is frequently methylated in nasopharyngeal and esophageal carcinomas. Lab Invest, 87:644-650.

Clifford

, Deacon

, Knox

. 2008. Novel regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) by transforming growth factor (beta)1: requirement for Smads, (beta)-catenin, and GSK3(beta) J Biol Chem, 283:35337-35353.

Corrigan

, Dobbin

, Freeburn

, Wheadon

. 2009. Patterns of Wnt/Fzd/LRP gene expression during embryonic hematopoiesis. Stem Cells Dev, 18:759-772.

Dihlmann

, von Knebel Doeberitz

. 2005. Wnt/β-catenin-pathway as a molecular target for future anti-cancer therapeutics. Int J Cancer, 113:515-524.

Egashira

, Naruke

, Kondo

et al. 2009. Immunohistochemical analyses of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 expression in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB): a possible role of Wnt pathway in GCTB tumorigenesis. Pathol Res Pract, 205:626-633.

Fillmore

, Mitra

, Xi

et al. 2009. Nmi (N-Myc interactor) inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and retards tumor growth. Int J Cancer, 125:556-564.

Greene

. 2002. American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Cancer Society. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 6th. Springer: New York, 91-98.

Herbst

, Kolligs

. 2007. Wnt signaling as a therapeutic target for cancer. Methods Mol Biol, 361:63-91.

10.

Huang

, Wang

, Sun

et al. 2006. Identification of genes regulated by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and involved in apoptosis via microarray analysis. BMC Cancer, 6:220-231.

11.

, Cao

, Wang

et al. 2007. Expression level of beta-catenin is associated with prognosis of esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 13:2622-2625.

12.

Katoh

, Katoh

. 2007. WNT signaling pathway and stem cell signaling network. Clin Cancer Res, 13:4042-4045.

13.

Krishnadath

, Tilanus

, van Blankenstein

et al. 1997. Reduced expression of the cadherin-catenin complex in oesophageal adenocarcinoma correlates with poor prognosis. J Pathol, 182:331-338.

14.

Logan

, Nusse

. 2004. The Wnt signaling pathway in development and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 20:781-810.

15.

Lo Muzio

, Pannone

, Staibano

et al. 2002. WNT-1 expression in basal cell carcinoma of head and neck. An immunohistochemical and confocal study with regard to the intracellular distribution of beta-catenin. Anticancer Res, 22:565-576.

16.

, Tinsley

, Keeton

et al. 2009. Suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol, 602:8-14.

17.

Lyu

, Yamamoto

, Lu

. 2008. Cleavage of the Wnt receptor Ryk regulates neuronal differentiation during cortical neurogenesis. Dev Cell, 15:773-780.

18.

James

, Conrad

, Moon

. 2008. Beta-catenin-independent Wnt pathways: signals, core proteins, and effectors. Methods Mol Biol, 468:131-144.

19.

Matsubayashi

, Nakashima

, Kumagai

20.

Mizushima

, Nakagawa

, Kamberov

et al. 2002. Wnt-1 but not epidermal growth factor induces β-catenin/T-cell factor-dependent transcription in esophageal cancer cells. Cancer Res, 62:277-282.

21.

Moon

, Kohn

, De Ferrari

, Kaykas

. 2004. WNT and beta-catenin signalling: diseases and therapies. Nat Rev Genet, 5:691-701.

22.

Nakanishi

, Ochiai

, Akimoto

et al. 1997. Expression of E-cadherin, apha-catenin, beta-catenin and plakoglobin in esophageal carcinomas and its prognostic significance: immunohistochemical analysis of 96 lesions. Oncology, 54:158-165.

23.

Nakashima

, Liu

, Nakano

et al. 2008. Wnt1 overexpression associated with tumor proliferation and a poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Rep, 19:203-209.

24.

Nusse

. 2005. Wnt signaling in disease and in development. Cell Res, 15:28-32.

25.

Osterheld

, Bian

, Bosman

et al. 2002. Beta-catenin expression and its association with prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma developed in Barrett esophagus. Am J Clin Pathol, 117:451-455.

26.

Paul

, Dey

. 2008. Wnt signaling and cancer development: therapeutic implication. Neoplasma, 55:165-176.

27.

Tian

, Du

, Fu

et al. 2009. Smad4 restoration leads to a suppression of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activity and migration capacity in human colon carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 380:478-483.

28.

Verkaar

, van Rosmalen

, Smits

et al. 2009. Stably overexpressed human Frizzled-2 signals through the beta-catenin pathway and does not activate Ca2+-mobilization in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells. Cell Signal, 21:22-33.

29.

Wieczorek

, Paczkowska

, Guzenda

et al. 2008. Silencing of Wnt-1 by siRNA induces apoptosis of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther, 7:268-274.

30.

Winkel

, Stricker

, Tylzanowski

et al. 2008. Wnt-ligand-dependent interaction of TAK1 (TGF-beta-activated kinase-1) with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 modulates canonical Wnt-signalling. Cell Signal, 20:2134-2144.

31.

Zhang

, Xue

. 2008. Wnt pathway is involved in advanced gastric carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology, 55:1126-1130.

Association of Wnt1/β-Catenin with Clinical Pathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma