Usage of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Insight into Foodborne Escherichia coli Linked to Fresh Vegetables in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Globally, the consumption of fresh produce has increased due to their health and nutritional benefits. However, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there is a growing concern about fresh produce, harboring foodborne bacterial pathogens. Among the foodborne bacterial pathogens associated with the consumption of fresh produce is Escherichia coli known for causing foodborne infections. Based on the threat from foodborne infectious E. coli, beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics are always the first-line treatment regularly used to mitigate these foodborne infections in SSA. As a result of misuse of prescribed and continuous use of unprescribed β-lactam antibiotics, there has been a growing resistance in E. coli strains associated with fresh produce, which includes vegetables in SSA. This review therefore discussed not only the usage of β-lactam antibiotics as first-line treatment for foodborne infections in SSA but also the consumption of fresh vegetables linked to resistant E. coli. In addition, country-based cases regarding β-lactam antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates linked to fresh vegetables were also discussed. The details herein therefore serve as hands-on information for consumers, health personnel, and policymakers not only in SSA but also globally.