Angiographic Retrograde and Antegrade Techniques for Difficult Double-J Stenting in ESWL

Abstract

On the basis of a series of 287 consecutive double-J stent placements in stone patients before ESWL, we are proposing the introduction of some angiographic techniques that can be useful in difficult cases. The use of a cobra angiographic catheter allows for overcoming the obstacle in about 60% of difficult cases through a retrograde way and, for the remaining cases, through an antegrade way. No serious complications occurred.