Abstract
Abstract
Congressional redistricting plans for Pennsylvania, with an emphasis on the newly enacted 2018 plan, have been evaluated for fairness and responsiveness to voters. This and other submitted plans that adhered to the traditional reform criteria of compactness and not splitting political boundaries have half as much bias favoring Republicans as the unconstitutional map of 2011. For fairer maps, it appears to be necessary to “anti-gerrymander” by relaxing the traditional criteria in order to overcome the political geography in Pennsylvania which apparently makes a Democratic gerrymander practically impossible. The methodology uses five statewide data bases at the precinct level and suitably constructed seats/votes curves. If fairness and responsiveness are valued more than political geography, then they should be made explicit criteria in congressional districting, at least in Pennsylvania.
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