The organic dyes that have been added to water by various industrial effluents possess a serious threat to the environment due to their mutagenic character. TiO2 has been widely employed as a photocatalysis for the degradation of these dyes. However, a non-metal doped TiO2 can be a promising candidate for the advanced treatment of industrial wastewater containing organic dyes. In this work, we have prepared and tested different boron-doped TiO2 photocatalysts to examine the effect of boron addition on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The various boron precursors used are boric acid (BA), boron oxide (BO), and boron nitride (BN), through which Boron is formulated and is doped through a single-step sol-gel method. The prepared nanocomposites are characterized using various characterization techniques, such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. UV light of wavelength 365 nm has been used for studying the photocatalyst behavior. Both rhodamine-B (RhB) and industrial wastewater samples have been studied for degradation kinetics. The boron-doped TiO2 nanocomposites show a high level of dye degradation (>95%) with RhB dye and (>63%) with industrial wastewater samples. Further, TiO2-BA composites in both the cases showed maximum dye degradation compared with other boron nanocomposites with an enhancement in the efficiency of (>13%) over a pure phase of TiO2.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlcocerS, PicosA, UribeAR, et al.Comparative study for degradation of industrial dyes by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes with BDD anode in a laboratory stirred tank reactor. Chemosphere, 2018; 205:682–689; doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.155
2.
Andrade NetoNF, ZanattaP, NascimentoLE, et al.Characterization and photoluminescent, photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties of boron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by microwave-assisted solvothermic method. J Electron Mater, 2019; 48(5):3145–3156; doi: 10.1007/s11664-019-07076-y
3.
BasuAK, TatiyaS, BhattG, et al.Fabrication Processes for Sensors for Automotive Applications: A Review. In: Sensors for Automotive and Aerospace Applications. (BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al. eds.) Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Springer: Singapore, 2019a; pp. 123–142; doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3290-6_8
4.
BasuAK, TatiyaS, BhattacharyaS.Overview of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and EV Sensors. In: Sensors for Automotive and Aerospace Applications. (BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al. eds.) Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Springer: Singapore, 2019b; pp. 107–122; doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3290-6_7
5.
BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al.Introduction to Sensors for Aerospace and Automotive Applications. In: Sensors for Automotive and Aerospace Applications. (BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al. eds.) Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Springer: Singapore, 2019; pp. 1–6; doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3290-6_1
6.
ByrneC, RhatiganS, HermosillaD, et al.Modification of TiO2 with hBN: High temperature anatase phase stabilisation and photocatalytic degradation of 1,4-dioxane. J Phys Mater, 2019; 3(1):015009; doi: 10.1088/2515-7639/ab5a31
7.
ByrneC, SubramanianG, PillaiSC. Recent advances in photocatalysis for environmental applications. J Environ Chem Eng, 2018; 6(3):3531–3555; doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.07.080
8.
ChauhanP, PandeyM, BhattacharyaS.Paper Based Sensors for Environmental Monitoring. In: Paper Microfluidics. Advanced Functional Materials and Sensors. (BhattacharyaS, KumarS, AgarwalA. eds.) Springer: Singapore; 2019a; pp. 165–181; doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0489-1_10
9.
ChauhanPS, KantR, RaiA, et al.Facile Synthesis of ZnO/GO nanoflowers over Si substrate for improved photocatalytic decolorization of MB dye and industrial wastewater under solar irradiation. Mater Sci Semicond Process, 2019b;89:6–17; doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2018.08.022
10.
ChauhanPS, KumarK, SinghK, et al.Fast decolorization of rhodamine-B dye using novel V2O5-rGO photocatalyst under solar irradiation. Synth Met, 2022; 283:116981; doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2021.116981
11.
ChauhanPS, RaiA, GuptaA, et al.Enhanced photocatalytic performance of vertically grown ZnO nanorods decorated with metals (Al, Ag, Au, and Au–Pd) for degradation of industrial dye. Mater Res Express, 2017; 4(5):055004; doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa6d31
12.
ChenD, YangD, WangQ, et al.Effects of boron doping on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2006; 45(12):4110–4116; doi: 10.1021/ie0600902
13.
ChengS, XiongQ, ZhaoC, et al.Synergism of 1D CdS/2D Modified Ti3C2Tx MXene heterojunctions for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen production. Chin J Struct Chem, 2022; 41(8):2208058–2208064; doi: 10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2022-0151
14.
ChoudhurySS, PandeyM, BhattacharyaS. Recent developments in surface modification of PEEK polymer for industrial applications: A critical review. Rev Adhes Adhes, 2021; 9(401):10-47750.
15.
ChouhanP, TatiyaS, RaiN, et al.Effect of Textile Industry Sludge on River Bed on Under Ground Water near Jojari River. 2017. Available from: https://ijsart.com/Home/IssueDetail/18123 [Last accessed: September13, 2023].
16.
ChowdharyP, RajA, BharagavaRN. Environmental pollution and health hazards from distillery wastewater and treatment approaches to combat the environmental threats: A review. Chemosphere, 2018; 194:229–246; doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.163
17.
DeuraM, KutsukakeK, OhnoY, et al.Nanoindentation measurements of a highly oriented wurtzite-type boron nitride bulk crystal. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 Regul Pap Short Notes, 2017; 56(3):030301; doi: 10.7567/JJAP.56.030301
18.
DubeyA, JangirH, PandeyM, et al.An eco-friendly, low-power charge storage device from bio-tolerable nano cerium oxide electrodes for bioelectrical and biomedical applications. Biomed Phys Ampmathsemicolon Eng Express, 2018; 4(2):025041; doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaa282
19.
FengN, LiuF, HuangM, et al.Unravelling the efficient photocatalytic activity of boron-induced Ti3+ species in the surface layer of TiO2. Sci Rep, 2016; 6(1):34765; doi: 10.1038/srep34765
GombacV, RogatisL, GasparottoA, et al.TiO2 nanopowders doped with boron and nitrogen for photocatalytic applications. Chem Phys, 2007; 339:111–123; doi: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.05.024
22.
GonuguntlaS, SkS, TiwariA, et al.Regulating surface structures for efficient electron transfer across h-BN/TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst for remarkably enhanced hydrogen evolution. J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 2021; 32(9):12191–12207; doi: 10.1007/s10854-021-05848-z
23.
GuoN, LiuH, FuY, et al.Preparation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles doped with In2O3 and photocatalytic degradation property for rhodamine B. Optik, 2020; 201:163537; doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163537
24.
GuptaA, BhattacharyaS. On the growth mechanism of ZnO nano structure via aqueous chemical synthesis. Appl Nanosci, 2018; 8(3):499–509; doi: 10.1007/s13204-018-0782-0
25.
GuptaS, KoshtaN, SinghR, et al.In: Flue Gas Treatment via Dry Reforming of Methane. (Pant KK, Gupta SK, Ahmad E. eds.) Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Springer: Cham;, 2021; doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_9
26.
Hinojosa-ReyesM, Camposeco-SolisR, RuizF, et al.Promotional effect of metal doping on nanostructured TiO2 during the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol and naproxen sodium as pollutants. Mater Sci Semicond Process, 2019; 100:130–139; doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2019.04.050
27.
HongS-M, YoonHJ, ChoiY, et al.Solving two environmental problems simultaneously: Scalable production of carbon microsheets from structured packing peanuts with tailored microporosity for efficient CO2 capture. Chem Eng J, 2020; 379:122219; doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122219
28.
HoşgünHL, AydınMTA. Synthesis, Characterization and photocatalytic activity of boron-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes. J Mol Struct, 2019; 1180:676–682; doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.056
29.
InS, OrlovA, BergR, et al.Effective visible light-activated B-doped and B,N-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc, 2007; 129(45):13790–13791; doi: 10.1021/ja0749237
30.
JainA, VayaD, JainA, et al.Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanomaterial. J Chil Chem Soc, 2017; 62(4):3683–3690; doi: 10.4067/s0717-97072017000403683
31.
JangirH, PandeyM, JhaR, et al.Sequential entrapping of Li and S in a conductivity cage of N-doped reduced graphene oxide supercapacitor derived from silk cocoon: A hybrid Li–S-silk supercapacitor. Appl Nanosci, 2018; 8(3):379–393; doi: 10.1007/s13204-018-0641-z
KavithaR, DeviL. Synergistic effect between carbon dopant in titania lattice and surface carbonaceous species for enhancing the visible light photocatalysis. J Environ Chem Eng, 2014; 2:857–867; doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2014.02.016
35.
KoysurenO, KoysurenHN. Photocatalytic activities of boron doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles and its composite with polyaniline. J Macromol Sci Part B, 2020; 59(3):182–195; doi: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1702275
36.
KumarS, BhushanP, PandeyM, et al.Additive manufacturing as an emerging technology for fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). J Micromanufacturing, 2019; 2(2):175–197; doi: 10.1177/2516598419843688
37.
LiH, SunB, GaoT, et al.Ti3C2 MXene co-catalyst assembled with mesoporous TiO2 for boosting photocatalytic activity of methyl orange degradation and hydrogen production. Chin J Catal, 2022a;43(2):461–471; doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63915-3
38.
LiJ, WuX, LiuS. Fluorinated TiO2 hollow photocatalysts for photocatalytic applications. Acta Phys Chim Sin, 2020; 37:2009038; doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009038
39.
LiS, CaiM, LiuY, et al.In situ construction of a C3N5 nanosheet/Bi2WO6 nanodot S-scheme heterojunction with enhanced structural defects for the efficient photocatalytic removal of tetracycline and Cr(VI). Inorg Chem Front, 2022b;9(11):2479–2497; doi: 10.1039/D2QI00317A
40.
LiW, LiB, MengM, et al.Bimetallic Au/Ag decorated TiO2 nanocomposite membrane for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and bactericidal efficiency. Appl Surf Sci, 2019; 487:1008–1017; doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.162
41.
LiuD, ZhangM, XieW, et al.Porous BN/TiO2 hybrid nanosheets as highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts. Appl Catal B Environ, 2017a;207:72–78; doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.011
42.
LiuY, LiZ, GreenM, et al.Titanium dioxide nanomaterials for photocatalysis. J Phys Appl Phys, 2017b;50(19):193003; doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa6500
43.
LiuY, YuF, WangF, et al.Construction of Z-scheme In2S3-TiO2 for CO2 reduction under concentrated natural sunlight. Chin J Struct Chem, 2022; 2022(41):2201034–2201039; doi: 10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2021-0046
44.
MagdalaneCM, KaviyarasuK, PriyadharsiniGMA, et al.Improved photocatalytic decomposition of aqueous rhodamine-B by solar light illuminated hierarchical yttria nanosphere decorated ceria nanorods. J Mater Res Technol, 2019; 8(3):2898–2909; doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.11.019
45.
MeiZ, WangG, YanS, et al.Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of 2D/1D ZnIn2S4/TiO2 S-scheme heterojunction for catalyzing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Acta Phys Chim Sin, 2021; 37:2009097; doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009097
46.
MulmiD, ThapaD, DahalB, et al.Spectroscopic studies of boron doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Int J Mater Sci Eng IJMSE, 2016; 04:172–178; doi: 10.17706/ijmse.2016.4.3.172-178
47.
NiuP, WuG, ChenP, et al.Optimization of boron doped TiO2 as an efficient visible light-driven photocatalyst for organic dye degradation with high reusability. Front Chem, 2020; 8:172.
48.
PandeyM, RashikuM, BhattacharyaS.Chapter 10—Recent progress in the development of printed electronic devices. In: Chemical Solution Synthesis for Materials Design and Thin Film Device Applications. (DasS, DharaS. eds.) Elsevier, Elsevier B.V.: Netherlands; 2021a; pp. 349–368; doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819718-9.00008-X
49.
PandeyM, ShahareK, SrivastavaM, et al.Paper-Based Devices for Wearable Diagnostic Applications. In: Paper Microfluidics: Theory and Applications. (BhattacharyaS, KumarS, AgarwalAK. eds.) Advanced Functional Materials and Sensors Springer: Singapore, 2019a; pp. 193–208; doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0489-1_12
50.
PandeyM, SrivastavaM, ShahareK, et al.Paper Microfluidic-Based Devices for Infectious Disease Diagnostics. In: Paper Microfluidics: Theory and Applications. (BhattacharyaS, KumarS, AgarwalAK. eds.) Advanced Functional Materials and Sensors Springer: Singapore, 2019b; pp. 209–225; doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0489-1_13
51.
PandeyM, SundriyalP, TatiyaS, et al.Polymer-Based Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries: Current Status and Future Challenges in Emerging Applications. In: Trends in Applications of Polymers and Polymer Composites AIP Publishing. (Patel VK, Kant R, Chauhan PS, et al. eds.), 2022; doi: 10.1063/9780735424555_005.
52.
PandeyM, TatiyaS, BhattacharyaS.Design and Development of MEMS-Based Sensors for Wearable Diagnostic Applications. In: MEMS Applications in Biology and Healthcare. AIP Publishing Books AIP Publishing LLC. (BasuAK, BasuA, GhoshS, et al. eds.) New York; 2021b; pp. 10-1–10-34; doi: 10.1063/9780735423954_010
53.
PandeyM, TatiyaS, BhattacharyaS, et al.Sensors in Assembly Shop in Automobile Manufacturing. In: Sensors for Automotive and Aerospace Applications. (BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al. eds.) Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Springer: Singapore, 2019c; pp. 193–207; doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3290-6_10
54.
PandeyM, TatiyaS, BhattacharyaS, et al.Sensors in the Joining and Welding Process in Automobile Manufacturing. In: Sensors for Automotive and Aerospace Applications. (BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al. eds.) Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Springer: Singapore, 2019d; pp. 241–256; doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3290-6_13
55.
Quesada-GonzálezM, BabaK, Sotelo-VázquezC, et al.Interstitial boron-doped anatase TiO2 thin-films on optical fibres: Atmospheric pressure-plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition as the key for functional oxide coatings on temperature-sensitive substrates. J Mater Chem A, 2017; 5(22):10836–10842; doi: 10.1039/C7TA02029E
56.
Ramírez-QuintanillaLY, Pino-SandovalD, Murillo-SierraJC, et al.Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of estriol (E3) hormone using boron-doped TiO2 catalyst. Catalysts, 2023; 13(1):43; doi: 10.3390/catal13010043
57.
SaidiW, HfaidhN, RasheedM, et al.Effect of B2O3 addition on optical and structural properties of TiO2 as a new blocking layer for multiple dye sensitive solar cell application (DSSC). RSC Adv, 2016; 6(73):68819–68826; doi: 10.1039/C6RA15060H
58.
SainiE, ZeeshanM, BradyD, et al.Photosensitized INA-labelled protein 1 (PhIL1) is novel component of the inner membrane complex and is required for plasmodium parasite development. Sci Rep, 2017; 7(1):15577; doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15781-z
59.
SharmaA, LeeB-K. Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol using nickel-loaded TiO2 supported on activated carbon fiber. Catal Today, 2017; 298:158–167; doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.003
60.
SharmaS, KumarG, VashishtaM, et al.Biochemical characterization of plasmodium complement factors binding protein for its role in immune modulation. Biochem J, 2018; 475(17):2877–2891; doi: 10.1042/BCJ20180142
61.
SunY, TianL, LiuB, et al.Photocatalytic destruction of gaseous benzene using Mn/I-doped TiO2 nanoparticle catalytic under visible light. Environ Eng Sci, 2022; 39(3):259–267; doi: 10.1089/ees.2021.0093
62.
SundriyalP, PandeyM, BhattacharyaS. Plasma-assisted surface alteration of industrial polymers for improved adhesive bonding. Int J Adhes Adhes, 2020; 101:102626; doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102626
63.
TatiyaS, PandeyM, BhattacharyaS. Nanoparticles containing boron and its compounds—Synthesis and applications: A review. J Micromanufacturing, 2020; 3(2):159–173; doi: 10.1177/2516598420965319
64.
TatiyaS, PandeyM, BhattacharyaS, et al.Sensors Used in Automotive Paint Shops. In: Sensors for Automotive and Aerospace Applications. (BhattacharyaS, AgarwalAK, PrakashO, et al. eds.) Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Springer: Singapore, 2019; pp. 257–264; doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3290-6_14
65.
TianL, JiangH, ChenP, et al.A novel GO/PNIPAm hybrid with two functional domains can simultaneously effectively adsorb and recover valuable organic and inorganic resources. Chem Eng J, 2018; 343:607–618; doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.015
66.
Tiyasha, Shaktibala, BhagatSKR.Characterization of waste water of industrial area of Sitapura, Jaipur for post monsoon season (2012). Int J Sci Res Rev, 2013; 2(1):227–235.
67.
WangH, LiX, ZhaoX, et al.A review on heterogeneous photocatalysis for environmental remediation: From semiconductors to modification strategies. Chin J Catal, 2022a;43(2):178–214; doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63910-4
68.
WangL, LiY, WuC, et al.Tracking charge transfer pathways in SrTiO3/CoP/Mo2C nanofibers for enhanced photocatalytic solar fuel production. Chin J Catal, 2022b;43(2):507–518; doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63898-6
69.
WangN, FengJ, ChenJ, et al.Adsorption mechanism of phosphate by polyaniline/TiO2 composite from wastewater. Chem Eng J, 2017; 316:33–40; doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.066
70.
WangQ, WangG, WangJ, et al.In situ hydrothermal synthesis of ZnS/TiO2 nanofibers S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. Adv Sustain Syst, 2023; 7(1):2200027; doi: 10.1002/adsu.202200027
71.
WangX-K, WangC, ZhangD. Low temperature sonochemical synthesis of boron doped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced visible light induced photocatalytic activity. Energy Mater, 2012; 7(4):395–399; doi: 10.1179/1433075X11Y.0000000052
72.
YadavV, VermaP, SharmaH, et al.Photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol over B-doped TiO2 nanostructure: Effect of dopant concentration, kinetics, and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2020; 27(10):10966–10980; doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06674-x
73.
YangJ, WuX, MeiZ, et al.CVD assisted synthesis of macro/mesoporous TiO2/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv Sustain Syst, 2022; 6(8):2200056; doi: 10.1002/adsu.202200056
74.
ZaleskaA, GrabowskaE, SobczakJW, et al.Photocatalytic activity of boron-modified TiO2 under visible light: The effect of boron content, calcination temperature and TiO2 matrix. Appl Catal B Environ, 2009; 89(3):469–475; doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.01.005
75.
ZhangF, ZhaoJ, ShenT, et al.TiO2-assisted photodegradation of dye pollutants II. Adsorption and degradation kinetics of eosin in TiO2 dispersions under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B Environ, 1998; 15(1):147–156; doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00043-X
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
