To immobilize Cd in soil and attenuate its uptake by vegetables, spent mushroom substrate (SMS), spent mushroom substrate biochar (SMSB), and SMS compost were employed as organic amendments to secure rape growth. Sequential chemical extractions showed that all three amendments efficiently reduced the exchangeable Cd (SE-Cd) fraction and carbonate Cd (WSA-Cd) fraction, and they increased the Fe-Mn oxides Cd (OX-Cd) and organic Cd (OM-Cd) fraction. Three amendments also markedly improved the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil, including soil pH, electrical conductivity, enzyme activity, and microbial biomass. In addition, three amendments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Cd content, whereas they increased plant biomass and the physiological parameters of rape seedlings (peroxidase activity, proline, soluble protein, and sugar content). SMSB performed better than the other two amendments in reducing SE-Cd (by 53.61%) and WSA-Cd (by 45.74%) proportions and in decreasing Cd content (from 0.23 to 0.09 mg·kg−1·dry weight) in edible parts.
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