Azo dyes play an important role in the printing and dyeing industry. Acid Black 2 dye is one of the most representative dyes with significant toxicity on human health and aquatic organisms. Accordingly, appropriate technologies are needed to efficiently remove these compounds from aqueous environment. In this study, we examined the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of Acid Black 2 on a boron-doped diamond anode. A Box–Behnken design was used to determine experimental factors, namely current density (A), electrolysis time (B), pH (C), and electrolyte concentration (D), and optimize responses to chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (R1), current efficiency (R2), and energy consumption (R3). Based on obtained models, a desirability function approach to multiresponse optimization was used to optimize response values. The results of response values, R1 = 90.01%, R2 = 80.77%, and R3 = 83.51 kWh/kg (COD), were obtained at optimized conditions. Furthermore, the influence of interactions among operating parameters on responses was analyzed using analysis of variance and three-dimensional surface plots. Finally, an Acid Black 2 degradation pathway was proposed according to intermediates detected by HPLC-MS. In short, these results have certain guiding significance for the energy conservation, technology development, and practical engineering application of EO.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AnupamK., DuttaS., BhattacharjeeC., and DattaS. (2011). Adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution over powdered activated carbon: Optimisation through response surface methodology. Chem. Eng. J. 173, 135.
2.
AnupamK., SwaroopV., Deepika, LalP.S., and BistV. (2015). Turning Leucaena leucocephala bark to biochar for soil application via statistical modelling and optimization technique. Ecol. Eng. 82, 26.
3.
AquinoJ.M., RodrigoM.A., Rocha-FilhoR.C., SáezC., and CañizaresP. (2012). Influence of the supporting electrolyte on the electrolyses of dyes with conductive-diamond anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 184, 221.
4.
American Public Health Association and American Water Works Association. (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association.
5.
BhatnagarR., JoshiH., MallI.D., and SrivastavaV.C. (2014). Electrochemical treatment of acrylic dye-bearing textile wastewater: Optimization of operating parameters. Desalin. Water Treat. 52, 111.
6.
BuL., WangK., ZhaoQ.L., WeiL.L., ZhangJ., and YangJ.C. (2010). Characterization of dissolved organic matter during landfill leachate treatment by sequencing batch reactor, aeration corrosive cell-Fenton, and granular activated carbon in series. J. Hazard. Mater. 179, 1096.
7.
ChenY., and LiuK. (2017). Fabrication of Ce/N co-doped TiO 2/diatomite granule catalyst and its improved visible-light-driven photoactivity. J. Hazard. Mater. 324, 139.
8.
ChenY., WuQ., LiuL., WangJ., and SongY. (2019). Applied Surface Science The fabrication of self- fl oating Ti 3 +/N co-doped TiO 2/diatomite granule catalyst with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 467, 514.
9.
ChenY., WuQ., ZhouC., and JinQ. (2018). Facile preparation of Ce-doped TiO 2/diatomite granular composite with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Adv. Powder Technol. 29, 106.
10.
ChenY., WuQ., ZhouC., and JinQ. (2017). Enhanced photocatalytic activity of La and N co-doped TiO2/diatomite composite. Powder Technol. 322, 296.
11.
CostaC.R., MontillaF., MorallónE., and OliviP. (2009). Electrochemical oxidation of Acid Black 210 dye on the boron-doped diamond electrode in the presence of phosphate ions: Effect of current density, pH, and chloride ions. Electrochim. Acta, 54, 7048.
12.
CotillasS., LlanosJ., CañizaresP., ClematisD., CerisolaG., RodrigoM.A., and PanizzaM. (2018). Removal of Procion Red MX-5B dye from wastewater by conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation. Electrochim. Acta, 263, 1.
13.
DaiQ., XiaY., SunC., WengM., ChenJ., WangJ., and ChenJ. (2014). Electrochemical degradation of levodopa with modified PbO2electrode: Parameter optimization and degradation mechanism. Chem. Eng. J. 245, 359.
14.
DaiQ., ZhouJ., MengX., FengD., WuC., and ChenJ. (2016a). Electrochemical oxidation of cinnamic acid with Mo modified PbO2 electrode: Electrode characterization, kinetics and degradation pathway. Chem. Eng. J. 289, 239.
15.
DaiQ., ZhouJ., WengM., LuoX., FengD., and ChenJ. (2016b). Electrochemical oxidation metronidazole with Co modified PbO2 electrode: Degradation and mechanism. Sep. Purif. Technol. 166, 109.
16.
De AmorimK.P., RomualdoL.L., and AndradeL.S. (2013). Electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim at boron-doped diamond electrode: Performance, kinetics and reaction pathway. Sep. Purif. Technol., 120, 319.
17.
DiranyA., SirésI., OturanN., and OturanM.A. (2010). Electrochemical abatement of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole from water. Chemosphere, 81, 594.
18.
ElmollaE.S., ChaudhuriM., and EltoukhyM.M. (2010). The use of artificial neural network (ANN) for modeling of COD removal from antibiotic aqueous solution by the Fenton process. J. Hazard. Mater. 179, 127.
19.
GurungK., NcibiM.C., ShestakovaM., and SillanpääM. (2018). Removal of carbamazepine from MBR effluent by electrochemical oxidation (EO) using a Ti/Ta2O5-SnO2 electrode. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 221, 329.
20.
HeY., WangX., HuangW., ChenR., ZhangW., LiH., and LinH. (2018). Hydrophobic networked PbO2 electrode for electrochemical oxidation of paracetamol drug and degradation mechanism kinetics. Chemosphere, 193, 89.
21.
JagerD., KupkaD., VaclavikovaM., IvanicovaL., and GalliosG. (2018). Degradation of reactive Black 5 by electrochemical oxidation. Chemosphere, 190, 405.
22.
KapałkaA., FótiG., and ComninellisC. (2008). Kinetic modelling of the electrochemical mineralization of organic pollutants for wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Electrochem. 38, 7.
23.
KhanS.A., KhanS.B., and AsiriA.M. (2016). Layered double hydroxide of Cd-Al/C for the mineralization and de-coloration of dyes in solar and visible light exposure. Sci. Rep. 6, 14.
24.
KlidiN., ClematisD., DelucchiM., GadriA., AmmarS., and PanizzaM. (2018). Applicability of electrochemical methods to paper mill wastewater for reuse. Anodic oxidation with BDD and TiRuSnO2 anodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 815, 16.
25.
LiJ., LiuQ., Ji, Q.q., and LaiB. (2017). Degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) in aqueous solution by Fe0-PM-PS system through response surface methodology (RSM). Appl. Catal. B Environ. 200, 633.
26.
MadadiS., SohrabiM., and RoyaeeS.J. (2015). Performance evaluation of a novel multi-stage axial radial impinging flow photo-reactor for degradation of p-nitrophenol. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 55, 101.
27.
MadsenH.T., SøgaardE.G., and MuffJ. (2015). Study of degradation intermediates formed during electrochemical oxidation of pesticide residue 2, 6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) in chloride medium at boron doped diamond (BDD) and platinum anodes. Chemosphere, 120, 756.
28.
Martínez-HuitleC.A., and BrillasE. (2009). Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: A general review. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 87, 105.
29.
MijinD.Ž., Avramov IvićM.L., OnjiaA.E., and GrgurB.N. (2012). Decolorization of textile dye CI Basic Yellow 28 with electrochemically generated active chlorine. Chem. Eng. J. 204, 151.
30.
MondalB., SrivastavaV.C., and MallI.D. (2012). Electrochemical treatment of dye-bath effluent by stainless steel electrodes: Multiple response optimization and residue analysis. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 47, 2040.
31.
MoreiraF.C., BoaventuraR.A.R., BrillasE., and VilarV.J.P. (2017). Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: A review on their application to synthetic and real wastewaters. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 202, 217.
32.
NidheeshP. V., ZhouM., and OturanM.A. (2018). An overview on the removal of synthetic dyes from water by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere, 197, 210.
33.
PérezJ.F., LlanosJ., SáezC., LópezC., CañizaresP., and RodrigoM.A. (2017). A microfluidic flow-through electrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment: A proof-of-concept. Electrochem. Commun. 82, 85.
34.
RahmaniA.R., ZarrabiM., SamarghandiM.R., AfkhamiA., and GhaffariH.R. (2010). Degradation of Azo Dye Reactive Black 5 and Acid Orange 7 by fenton-like mechanism. Iran J. Chem. Eng. 7, 87.
35.
RajkumarD., and KimJ.G. (2006). Oxidation of various reactive dyes with in situ electro-generated active chlorine for textile dyeing industry wastewater treatment. J. Hazard. Mater. 136, 203.
36.
SalazarC., RidruejoC., BrillasE., YáñezJ., MansillaH.D., and SirésI. (2017). Abatement of the fluorinated antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) and its reaction by-products by electrochemical advanced methods. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 203, 189.
37.
Sales SolanoA.M., Costa de AraújoC.K., Vieira de MeloJ., Peralta-HernandezJ.M., Ribeiro da SilvaD., and Martínez-HuitleC.A. (2013). Decontamination of real textile industrial effluent by strong oxidant species electrogenerated on diamond electrode: Viability and disadvantages of this electrochemical technology. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 130, 112.
38.
SärkkäH., BhatnagarA., and SillanpääM. (2015). Recent developments of electro-oxidation in water treatment—A review. J. Electroanal. Chem. 754, 46.
39.
SenS., and DemirerG.N. (2003). Anaerobic treatment of synthetic textile wastewater containing a reactive azo dye. 129, 595.
40.
SongS., FanJ., HeZ., ZhanL., LiuZ., ChenJ., and XuX. (2010). Electrochemical degradation of azo dye C.I. Reactive Red 195 by anodic oxidation on Ti/SnO2-Sb/PbO2electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 55, 3606.
41.
SpadaroJ.T., IsabelleL., and RenganathanV. (1994). Hydroxyl radical mediated degradation of azo dyes: Evidence for benzene generation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1389.
42.
SteterJ.R., RochaR.S., DionísioD., LanzaM.R.V., and MotheoA.J. (2014). Electrochemical oxidation route of methyl paraben on a boron-doped diamond anode. Electrochim. Acta, 117, 127.
43.
WangC., YedilerA., LienertD., WangZ., and KettrupA. (2002). Toxicity evaluation of reactive dyestuffs, auxiliaries and selected effluents in textile finishing industry to luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. Chemosphere, 46, 339.
44.
WangJ., ZhiD., ZhouH., HeX., and ZhangD. (2018). Evaluating tetracycline degradation pathway and intermediate toxicity during the electrochemical oxidation over a Ti/Ti4O7anode. Water Res. 137, 324.
45.
WangL., LiM., FengC., HuW., DingG., ChenN., and LiuX. (2016). Ti nano electrode fabrication for electrochemical denitrification using Box-Behnken design. J. Electroanal. Chem. 773, 13.
46.
WuJ., ZhangH., OturanN., WangY., ChenL., and OturanM.A. (2012). Application of response surface methodology to the removal of the antibiotic tetracycline by electrochemical process using carbon-felt cathode and DSA (Ti/RuO2-IrO2) anode. Chemosphere, 87, 614.
47.
XieR., MengX., SunP., NiuJ., JiangW., BottomleyL., LiD., ChenY., and CrittendenJ. (2017). Electrochemical oxidation of ofloxacin using a TiO2-based SnO2-Sb/polytetrafluoroethylene resin-PbO2electrode: Reaction kinetics and mass transfer impact. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 203, 515.
48.
ZhangH., RanX., WuX., and ZhangD. (2011). Evaluation of electro-oxidation of biologically treated landfill leachate using response surface methodology. J. Hazard. Mater. 188, 261.
49.
ZhouM., and HeJ. (2007). Degradation of azo dye by three clean advanced oxidation processes: Wet oxidation, electrochemical oxidation and wet electrochemical oxidation-A comparative study. Electrochim. Acta, 53, 1902.
50.
ZouJ., PengX., LiM., XiongY., WangB., DongF., and WangB. (2017). Electrochemical oxidation of COD from real textile wastewaters: Kinetic study and energy consumption. Chemosphere, 171, 332.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
