An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the effect of reduction catalyst-coated cordierite wall flow monolith diesel particulate filter and metal-based additive-added biodiesel on direct injection engine emissions at different engine injection opening pressures and injection timings. Furthermore, Ru/γ-Al2O3, Cu/γ-Al2O3, Co/γ-Al2O3, and Fe/γ-Al2O3 were synthesized and tested as diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) in the study. Co/γ-Al2O3 was coated over the clay balls as DOC since it lowered the soot ignition temperature from 537°C to 219.9°C. Thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis of copper complex reduction catalyst [CuCl2(PPh3)2] with biodiesel soot exhibited a lower soot ignition temperature of 245.2°C. DOC-coated clay balls were placed upstream of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF). Furthermore, iron(III) chloride of 20 μmol/L was added to waste cooking palm oil-based biodiesel (B100) as fuel-borne catalyst (FBC) to facilitate the effective CDPF soot oxidation process. Engine studies were carried out at a constant speed of 1,500 rpm under different operating conditions using FBC-added biodiesel (B100 FBC) and biodiesel without FBC. Presence of CDPF in the tail pipe of a diesel engine with B100 FBC-CDPF resulted in a slightly higher carbon dioxide emission by 8.5%, but there was a reduction in carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, nitric oxide, and smoke emission by 9.1%, 37.5%, 6.7%, and 47.2%, respectively. For all the test fuels, CDPF resulted in a significant reduction in exhaust gas temperature and pressure drop above 25% load condition. B100 FBC-CDPF showed the brake thermal efficiency of 28.9% at 280 bar and 25.5 °CA, similar to that of diesel CDPF operation.
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