Biochar (BC) continues to gain considerable interest for remediating metal-contaminated soils. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficiency of rapeseed residue and rice straw BCs pyrolyzed at 300°C and 550°C for lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) immobilization in naturally contaminated soil, which was not reported earlier. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis were performed to study the nature of the BCs. Effectiveness of the amendments for Pb and Cu immobilization was assessed using a modified community bureau of reference extraction procedure, single extraction with CaCl2, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, respectively. Amending the soil with RS550 significantly decreased the acid-extractable portions of Pb and Cu by 63.30% and 66%, respectively, whereas the residual (stable) fractions of Pb and Cu were increased by 40.31% and 52.98%, respectively. Immobilized metals were mainly transformed to the reducible fractions. High reductions in the bioavailable phase of Pb (97.13%) and Cu (93.71%) were recorded, while Pb and Cu solubility were reduced by 92.62% and Cu 72.55%, respectively. Affinity of BCs toward Pb and Cu was enhanced due to the increased negativity with increasing pH, as described by zeta potential and cation exchange capacity, which is one of the mechanisms of Pb and Cu immobilization. BCs produced at high temperature efficiently immobilized Pb and Cu compared to low-temperature BCs. These findings suggested that rapeseed residue and rice straw BCs could be used as Pb and Cu stabilizers in contaminated agricultural soils.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdrianoD.C., WenzelW.W., VangronsveldJ., and BolanN.S. (2004). Role of assisted natural remediation in environmental cleanup. Geoderma. 122, 121.
2.
AhmadM., LeeS.S., DouX., MohanD.J.K., SungJ., YangJ.E., and OkY.S. (2012). Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresour. Technol., 118, 536.
3.
AhmadM., LeeS.S., LeeS.E., Al-WabelM.I., TsangD.C.W., and OkY.S. (2017). Biochar-induced changes in soil properties affected immobilization/mobilization of metals/metalloids in contaminated soils. J. Soil. Sediment., 17, 717.
4.
AhmadM., OkY.S., RajapakshaaA.U., LimJ.E., KimB., AhnJ., LeeY.H., Al-WabelM., LeeS., and LeeS.S. (2016). Lead and copper immobilization in a shooting range soil using soybean stover and pine needle-derived biochars: Chemical, microbial and spectroscopic assessments. J. Haz. Mat., 301, 179.
5.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (1989). Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal, ASTM D1762-84. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM.
6.
BolanN.S., NaiduR., SyersJ.K., and TillmanR.W. (1999). Surface charge and solute interactions in soils. Adv. Agron., 67, 88.
7.
CaoX.D., MaL., LiangY., GaoB., and HarrisW. (2011). Simultaneous immobilization of lead and atrazine in contaminated soils using dairy-manure biochar. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4884.
8.
CantrellK.B., HuntP.G., UchimiyaM., NovakJ.M., and RoK.S. (2012). Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Bioresour. Technol., 107, 419.
9.
CelyP., GascóG., FerreiroP., and MéndezJ.A. (2015). Agronomic properties of biochars from different manure wastes. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 111, 173.
10.
ChenB., and ChenZ. (2009). Sorption of naphthalene and 1-naphthol by biochars of orange peels with different pyrolytic temperatures. Chemosphere. 76, 127.
11.
FangS.E., TsangD.C.W., ZhouF.S., ZhangW.H., and QiuR.L. (2016). Stabilization of cationic and anionic metal species in contaminated soils using sludge-derived biochar. Chemosphere. 149, 263.
12.
FelletG., MarchiolL., DelleV.G., and PeressottiA. (2011). Application of biochar on mine tailings: Effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere. 83, 1262.
13.
GeeG.W., and BauderJ.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In KluteA. Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy Monograph No. 9, 2nd Edition. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy/Soil Science Society of America, p. 383.
14.
GiudicianniP., CardoneG., and RagucciR. (2013). Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin slow steam pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of biomass components mixtures. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 100, 213.
15.
HendershotW.H., LalandeH., and DuquetteM. (2008). Ion exchange and exchangeable cations. In CarterM.R. and GregorichE.G., Eds., Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 197.
16.
HoubaV.J.G., TemminghoffE.J.M., GaikhorstG.A., and VarkW. (2000). Soil analysis procedures using 0.01 M calcium chloride as extraction reagent. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal., 31, 1299.
17.
HoubenD., EvrardL., and SonnetP. (2013). Mobility, bioavailability and pH dependent leaching of cadmium, zinc and lead in a contaminated soil amended with biochar. Chemosphere. 92, 1450.
18.
JiangJ., XuR., JiangT., and LiZ. (2012). Immobilization of Cu (II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by the addition of rice straw derived biochar to a simulated polluted Ultisol. J. Haz. Mat., 229, 145.
19.
JindoK., MizumotoH., SawadaY., Sanchez-MonederoM.A., and SonokiT. (2014). Physical and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different agricultural residues. Biogeosciences. 11, 6613.
20.
KhanS., MuhammadW., FenghuaD., IshaS., HansP.H.A., and GangL. (2015). The influence of various biochars on the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of PAHs and potentially toxic elements to turnips (Brassica rapa L). J. Haz. Mat., 300, 243.
21.
KlassonK.T., UchimiyaM., and LimaI.M. (2014). Uncovering surface area and micropores in almond shell biochars by rainwater wash. Chemosphere. 111, 129.
22.
KlossS., ZehetnerF., DellantonioA., HamidR., OttnerF., LiedtkeV., SchwanningerM., GerzabekM.H., and SojaG. (2012). Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: Effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties. J. Environ. Qual., 41, 990.
23.
KushwahaA., HansN., KumarS., and RaniR. (2018). A critical review on speciation, mobilization and toxicity of lead in soilmicrobe- plant system and bioremediation strategies. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 147, 1035.
24.
LiangY., CaoX., ZhaoL., and ArellanoE. (2014). Biochar and phosphate induced immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soil and water: Implication on simultaneous remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 4665.
25.
LuK., YangX., ShenJ., RobinsonB., HuangH., LiuD., BolanN.S., PeiJ., and WangH. (2014). Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to Sedum plumbizincicola. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ., 191, 124.
26.
McLaughlinH. (2010). Characterizing Biochars prior to Addition to Soils. Version I. Alterna Biocarbon Inc.
MohamedI., ZhangG., LiZ., LiuY., ChenF., and DaiK. (2015). Ecological restoration of an acidic Cd contaminated soil using bamboo biochar application. Ecol. Eng., 84, 67.
29.
National Environmental Protection Bureau Environmental quality standard for soils GB 15618–1995, 1995.
30.
OlsenS.R., ColeC.V., WatanabeF.S., and DeanL.A. (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
31.
ParkJ.H., LambD., PaneerselvamP., ChoppalaG., BolanN., and ChungJ. (2011). Role of organic amendments on enhanced bioremediation of heavy metal (oid) contaminated soils. J. Haz. Mat., 185, 549.
32.
QiuY., ZhengZ., ZhouZ., and ShengG.D. (2009). Effectiveness and mechanisms of dye adsorption on a straw-based biochar. Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5348.
33.
RauretG., Lopez-SanchezJ.F., SahuquilloA., RubioR., DavidsonC., UreA., and QuevauvillerP. (1999). Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. J. Environ. Monitor., 1, 57.
34.
RizwanM.S., ImtiazM., ChhajroM.A., HuangG., FuQ., ZhuJ., AzizO., and HuH. (2016). Influence of pyrolytic and non-pyrolytic rice and castor straws on the immobilization of Pb and Cu in contaminated soil. J. Environ. Technol., 37, 2679.
35.
RosalesE., MeijideJ., PazosM., and SanrománA.M. (2017). Challenges and recent advances in biochar as low-cost biosorbent: From batch assays to continuous-flow systems. Bioresour. Technol., 246, 176.
36.
SamsuriA.W., Sadegh-ZadehF., and Seh-BardanB.J. (2014). Characterization of biochars produced from oil palm and rice husks and their adsorption capacities for heavy metals. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 11, 967.
37.
SharmaP., and DubeyS. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Braz. J. Plant. Physiol., 17, 35.
38.
Soil Science Society of China (SSSC). (1999). Analysis Methods for Soil and Agricultural Chemistry. Beijing: China Science and Technology Publishing House.
39.
ToptasT.A., GozdeD., SuatU., and JaleY. (2016). Effects of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on potential applications of biochar. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 120, 200.
40.
UchimiyaM., BannonD.I., and WartelleL.H. (2012). Retention of heavy metals by carboxyl functional groups of biochars in small arms range soil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 1798.
41.
UchimiyaM., ChangS., and KlassonK.T. (2011). Screening biochars for heavy metal retention in soil: Role of oxygen functional groups. J. Haz. Mat., 190, 432.
42.
UchimiyaM., WartelleL.H., LimaI.M., and KlassonK.T. (2010). Sorption of deisopropylatrazine on broiler litter biochars. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 12350.
43.
USEPA. (1992). Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), Method 1311. Publication SW 846: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wast, Physical/Chemical Methods. Available at: www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/1311.pdf (accessed April15, 2018).
44.
WuW.H., XieZ.M., XuJ.M., WangF., ShiJ.C., ZhouR.B., and JinZ.F. (2013). Immobilization of trace metals by phosphates in contaminated soil near lead/zinc mine tailings evaluated by sequential extraction and TCLP. J. Soils Sediments., 13, 1386.
45.
WuanaR., YiaseS., IorungwaP., and IorungwaM. (2013). Evaluation of copper and lead immobilization in contaminated soil by single, sequential and kinetic leaching tests. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7, 249.
46.
YuanH., LuT., ZhaoD., HuangH., NoriyukiK., and ChenY. (2013). Influence of temperature on product distribution and biochar properties by municipal sludge pyrolysis. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 15, 357.
47.
YuanH., LuT., WangY., HuangH., and ChenY. (2014). Influence of pyrolysis temperature and holding time on properties of biochar derived from medical herb (Radixisatidis) residue and its effect on soil CO2 emission. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 110, 277.
48.
YuanJ., XuR., and ZhangH. (2011). The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 3488.
49.
ZhangJ., LiuJ., and LiuR. (2015). Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating time on biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of straw and lignosulfonate. Bioresour. Technol., 176, 288.
