In this study, the high-reactive Co/Al2O3-EPM (prepared by electroless plating method) were used for catalytic ozonation. On account of the powerless degradation of small molecule acid by ozone alone, succinic acid (SA), a kind of small molecule acid, was selected as the simulated pollutant to evaluate the performance of Co/Al2O3-EPM in Co/Al2O3-EPM/O3 system. First, several key preparation parameters of Co/Al2O3-EPM and operational parameters in Co/Al2O3-EPM/O3 system for SA removal were optimized. The maximum SA removal (100%) and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal (66.9%) were obtained under the optimal conditions. Second, the superior performance of Co/Al2O3-EPM/O3 system for SA removal was confirmed by four control experiments (i.e., Co/Al2O3-EPM alone, O3 alone, Co/Al2O3-IM alone, and Co/Al2O3-IM/O3 systems). The conversion and mineralization of SA were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography and TOC analyzer, respectively. The stability of different systems was evaluated by cobalt leaching in the effluent. Besides, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller were used to analyze the characteristics of Co/Al2O3-EPM and Co/Al2O3-IM (prepared via impregnation method). The results show that Co/Al2O3-EPM had a more uniform and dense cobalt film than Co/Al2O3-IM. In addition, in the Co/Al2O3-EPM/O3 system, quenching experiments were conducted, and the dynamic concentration of HO• in the bulk solution was detected. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism for SA degradation in Co/Al2O3-EPM/O3 system was proposed. In brief, all results suggest that Co/Al2O3-EPM is a promising catalyst with high catalytic activity and strong stability for ozone decomposition.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AalA.A., BarakatH., and HamidZ.A. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of electroless deposited Co–W–P thin films as diffusion barrier layer. Surf. Coatings Technol., 202, 4591–4597.
2.
AhmadiM., KakavandiB., JaafarzadehN., and Akbar BabaeiA. (2017). Catalytic ozonation of high saline petrochemical wastewater using PAC@FeIIFe2IIIO4: Optimization, mechanisms and biodegradability studies. Sep. Purif. Technol., 177, 293–303.
3.
ÁlvarezP.M., BeltránF.J., PocostalesJ.P., and MasaF.J. (2007). Preparation and structural characterization of Co/Al2O3 catalysts for the ozonation of pyruvic acid. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 72, 322–330.
4.
BeltránF.J., RivasF.J., and Montero-de-EspinosaR. (2002). Catalytic ozonation of oxalic acid in an aqueous TiO2 slurry reactor. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 39, 221–231.
5.
BeltránF.J., RivasF.J., and Montero-de-EspinosaR. (2003a). Ozone-enhanced oxidation of oxalic acid in water with cobalt catalysts. 1. Homogeneous catalytic ozonation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 3210–3217.
6.
BeltránF.J., RivasF.J., and Montero-de-EspinosaR. (2003b). Ozone-enhanced oxidation of oxalic acid in water with cobalt catalysts. 2. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 3218–3224.
7.
BoczkajG., and FernandesA. (2017). Wastewater treatment by means of advanced oxidation processes at basic pH conditions: A review. Chem. Eng. J., 320, 608–633.
8.
BuscaG., LorenzelliV., and BolisV. (1992). Preparation, bulk characterization and surface chemistry of high-surface-area cobalt aluminate. Mater. Chem. Phys., 31, 221–228.
9.
ChengM.,. ZengG., HuangD., LaiC., XuP., ZhangC., and LiuY. (2016). Hydroxyl radicals based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds: A review. Chem. Eng. J., 284, 582–598.
10.
ChokkaramS., SrinivasanR., MilburnD.R., and DavisB.H. (1997). Conversion of 2-octanol over nickel-alumina, cobalt-alumina, and alumina catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 121, 157–169.
11.
CooperC., and BurchR. (1999). An investigation of catalytic ozonation for the oxidation of halocarbons in drinking water preparation. Water Res. 33, 3695–3700.
12.
DhandapaniB., and OyamaS.T. (1997). Gas phase ozone decomposition catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 11, 129–166.
13.
FerreiraA., FerreiraC., TeixeiraJ.A., and RochaF. (2010). Temperature and solid properties effects on gas–liquid mass transfer. Chem. Eng. J., 162, 743–752.
14.
FischbacherA., von SonntagJ., von SonntagC., and SchmidtTC. (2013). The (*)OH radical yield in the H2O2 + O3 (peroxone) reaction. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 9959–64.
15.
GomesJ., CostaR., Quinta-FerreiraR.M., and MartinsRC. (2017). Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water. Sci. Total Environ., 586, 265–283.
16.
GruttadauriaM., LiottaL.F., Di CarloG., PantaleoG., DeganelloG., Lo MeoP., AprileC., and NotoR. (2007). Oxidative degradation properties of Co-based catalysts in the presence of ozone. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 75, 281–289.
17.
GuoL., XiaoL.R., ZhaoX.J., SongY.F., CaiZ.Y., WangH.J., and LiuC.B. (2017). Preparation of WC/Co composite powders by electroless plating. Ceramics Int. 43, 4076–4082.
18.
HirataY., ItohS., ShimonosonoT., and SameshimaS. (2016). Theoretical and experimental analyses of Young's modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of the alumina-mullite system. Ceramics Int. 42, 17067–17073.
19.
HorváthÉ., BaánK., VargaE., OszkóA., VágóÁ., TörőM., and ErdőhelyiA. (2017). Dry reforming of CH4 on Co/Al2O3 catalysts reduced at different temperatures. Catal. Today, 281, 233–240.
20.
IkhlaqA., BrownD.R., and Kasprzyk-HordernB. (2012). Mechanisms of catalytic ozonation on alumina and zeolites in water: Formation of hydroxyl radicals. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 123–124, 94–106.
21.
IslamM., RahmanM., and IliasS. (2012). Characterization of Pd–Cu membranes fabricated by surfactant induced electroless plating (SIEP) for hydrogen separation. Int. J. Hydr. Energy, 37, 3477–3490.
22.
JungY., HongE., KwonM., and KangJ.-W. (2017). A kinetic study of ozone decay and bromine formation in saltwater ozonation: Effect of O3 dose, salinity, pH, and temperature. Chem. Eng. J., 312, 30–38.
23.
Kasprzyk-HordernB., ZiółekM., and NawrockiJ. (2003). Catalytic ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions in water treatment. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 46, 639–669.
24.
KowalczykA., BorcuchA., MichalikM., RutkowskaM., GilB., SojkaZ., IndykaP., and ChmielarzL. (2017). MCM-41 modified with transition metals by template ion-exchange method as catalysts for selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to dinitrogen. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 240, 9–21.
25.
KrautgasserC., DanzerR., DelucaM., SupancicP., AldrianF., and BermejoR. (2016). Subcritical crack growth in multilayer low temperature co-fired ceramics designed with surface compressive stresses. J. Eur. Ceramic Soc., 36, 4095–4105.
26.
KusicH., KoprivanacN., and BozicA.L. (2006). Minimization of organic pollutant content in aqueous solution by means of AOPs: UV- and ozone-based technologies. Chem. Eng. J., 123, 127–137.
27.
JiL., LinL., and ZengH.C. (2000). Metal-support interactions in Co/Al2O3 catalysts: A comparative study on reactivity of support. J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 1783–1790.
28.
LindseyM.E., and TarrM.A. (2000). Quantitation of hydroxyl radical during fenton oxidation following a single addition of iron and peroxide. Chemosphere, 41, 409–417.
29.
LvA., HuC., NieY., and QuJ. (2012). Catalytic ozonation of toxic pollutants over magnetic cobalt-doped Fe3O4 suspensions. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 117–118, 246–252.
30.
MajeedI., NadeemM.A., HussainE., BadshahA., GilaniR., and NadeemM.A. (2017). Effect of deposition method on metal loading and photocatalytic activity of Au/CdS for hydrogen production in water electrolyte mixture. Int. J. Hydr. Energy. 42, 3006–3018.
31.
ManjunathanP., MaradurS.P., HalgeriA.B., and ShanbhagG.V. (2015). Room temperature synthesis of solketal from acetalization of glycerol with acetone: Effect of crystallite size and the role of acidity of beta zeolite. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 396, 47–54.
32.
MoreiraF.C., BoaventuraR.A.R., BrillasE., and VilarV.J.P. (2017). Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: A review on their application to synthetic and real wastewaters. Appl Catal. B Environ., 202, 217–261.
33.
MunozM., KaspereitM., and EtzoldB.J.M. (2016). Deducing kinetic constants for the hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol using high adsorption capacity catalysts. Chem. Eng. J., 285, 228–235.
34.
PanF., LuoY., FanJ.J., LiuD.C., and FuJ. (2012). Degradation of disperse blue E‐4R in aqueous solution by zero‐valent iron/ozone. CLEAN—Soil Air Water, 40, 422–427.
35.
PiY., ErnstM., and SchrotterJ. (2003). Effect of phosphate buffer upon CuO/AlO and Cu (II) catalyzed ozonation of oxalic acid solution. Ozone Sci. Eng., 25, 393–397.
36.
PiumettiM., FinoD., and RussoN. (2015). Mesoporous manganese oxides prepared by solution combustion synthesis as catalysts for the total oxidation of VOCs. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 163, 277–287.
37.
QiZ., MingX., YichunL., and JianhongY. (2017). Improved electroless plating method through ultrasonic spray atomization for depositing silver nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 409, 164–168.
38.
RenY., and LaiB. (2016). Comparative study on the characteristics, operational life and reactivity of Fe/Cu bimetallic particles prepared by electroless and displacement plating process. RSC Adv. 6, 58302–58314.
39.
RyghL., EllestadO., KlaeboeP., and NielsenC. (2000). Infrared study of CO adsorbed on Co/γ-Al2O3 based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts; semi-empirical calculations as a tool for vibrational assignments. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 1835–1846.
40.
SanjanaF., ChaudhryH., and FindleyT. (2017). Effect of MELT method on thoracolumbar connective tissue: The full study. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 21, 179–185.
41.
StaehelinJ., and HoigneJ. (1985). Decomposition of ozone in water in the presence of organic solutes acting as promoters and inhibitors of radical chain reactions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1206–1213.
42.
SuiM., ShengL., LuK., and TianF. (2010). FeOOH catalytic ozonation of oxalic acid and the effect of phosphate binding on its catalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 96, 94–100.
43.
SungH.J., FeitzA.J., SedlakD.L., WaiteT.D. (2006). Quantification of the oxidizing capacity of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1263.
44.
ThiemeC., and RüsselC. (2014). Cobalt containing crystallizing glass seals for solid oxide fuel cells—A new strategy for strong adherence to metals and high thermal expansion. J. Power Sour. 258, 182–188.
45.
TrovarelliA. (2002). Catalysis by Ceria and Related Materials. Singapore: World Scientific.
46.
TsaiT.K., WuS.S., LiuW.L., HsiehS.H., and ChenW.J. (2007). Electroless CoWP as a diffusion barrier between electroless copper and silicon. J. Elect. Mater. 36, 1408–1414.
47.
von GuntenU. (2003). Ozonation of drinking water: Part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Res. 37, 1443–1467.
48.
WangH., JiaJ., SongH., HuX., SunH., and YangD. (2011). The preparation of Cu-coated Al2 O3 composite powders by electroless plating. Ceramics Int. 37, 2181–2184.
49.
WangJ.L., and XuL.J. (2012). Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: formation of hydroxyl radical and application. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 251–325.
50.
WangW.-J., and ChenY.-W. (1991). Influence of metal loading on the reducibility and hydrogenation activity of cobalt/alumina catalysts. Appl. Catal. 77, 223–233.
51.
WangY., ZhaoH., LiM., FanJ., and ZhaoG. (2014). Magnetic ordered mesoporous copper ferrite as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the degradation of imidacloprid. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 147, 534–545.
52.
WangZ., ShaoD., and WesterhoffP. (2017). Wastewater discharge impact on drinking water sources along the Yangtze River (China). Sci. Total Environ., 599–600, 1399–1407.
53.
WesterhoffP., SongR., AmyG., and MinearR. (1997). Applications of ozone decomposition models. Ozone Sci. Eng. 19, 55–73.
54.
WuX., and ShaW. (2009). Experimental study of the voids in the electroless copper deposits and the direct measurement of the void fraction based on the scanning electron microscopy images. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 4259–4266.
55.
XuB., QiF., ZhangJ., LiH., SunD., RobertD., and ChenZ. (2016). Cobalt modified red mud catalytic ozonation for the degradation of bezafibrate in water: Catalyst surface properties characterization and reaction mechanism. Chem. Eng. J. 284, 942–952.
56.
XueL., Zhang.D., XuY., and LiuX. (2017). Adsorption of thiophene compounds on MoO 3/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different mesopore sizes. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 238, 46–55.
57.
ZsoldosZ., and GucziL. (1992). Structure and catalytic activity of alumina supported platinum-cobalt bimetallic catalysts. Part 3. Effect of treatment on the interface layer. J. Phys. Chem. 96, 9393–9400.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
