The City of Fresno, CA with extensive use of galvanized iron pipe (GIP) has historically used groundwater (GW) as its drinking water source. In 2004, Fresno introduced treated surface water (SW) to its distribution system and started receiving increased discolored water reports. A systematic approach was developed to reproduce the nature of GIP corrosion issues in Fresno and to explore potential discoloration mitigation strategies. Laboratory testing showed that the GW was more corrosive to zinc wire (representative of new GIP) and less corrosive to iron wire (representative of aged GIP) compared with SW. For harvested “good” GIP with a relatively high percentage of zinc contacting water, water turbidity (<2.1 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), iron (<0.01 mg/L), and zinc (<0.66 mg/L) levels were relatively low for both SW and GW conditions. For harvested “bad” GIP with a relatively high percentage of iron surface contacting water, water turbidity, iron, and zinc levels after exposure to typical GW for 13.5 weeks were 47–89% lower than levels after exposure to typical SW, indicating less likelihood of discolored water with GW. A corrosion control strategy with orthophosphate at 1 mg/L as P and water pH 7.5 reduced problems with turbidity, iron, and zinc release by 36–87% for exposure of “bad” GIP to SW only or to the alternating condition between SW and GW.
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