Lakes and streams associated with discharge water from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) usually contain trace concentrations of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that can cause abnormalities in aquatic organisms. Our objectives were to quantify the efficacy of slow-release permanganate (MnO4−) candles to treat 17β-estradiol (E2) in batch experiments and a flow-through system. Kinetic experiments verified that the E2-MnO4− reaction (at pH ∼6) was first order with respect to MnO4− and the initial E2 concentration (second-order rate: 59.0 ± 1.07 M−1 s−1). Reactions were pH dependent with the highest rates observed at pH 11, which was above the pKa for E2. We manufactured 0.5 cm (diameter) × 0.64 cm (length) slow-release MnO4− candles with a 4.6:1 ratio using 23 g KMnO4 and 5 g paraffin wax to treat E2-spiked environmental matrices collected from a dairy feedlot in a rural area of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Use of MnO4− candles completely degraded E2 within 40–60 min, which was faster than the reaction in laboratory water. To test the concept of using candles in a series of discharges from CAFOs, we used a flow-through system where E2-spiked discharge water was pumped over a miniature candle in three discharge events. Results showed that the candle was able to remove ∼92% of E2 by continuously releasing MnO4−. These results provide proof-of-concept that MnO4− candles have potential for development and could provide a practical approach to treat discharge water before its release into the ecosystem.
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