Adsorbents comprising ferric hydroxide loaded on a variety of support materials are commonly used to remove arsenic from potable water. Although several studies have investigated the effects of support properties on arsenic adsorption, there have been no investigations of their effects on adsorbent regeneration. Furthermore, the effect of regenerant solution composition and the kinetics of regeneration have not been investigated. This research investigated the effects of adsorbent and regenerant solution properties on the kinetics and efficiency of regeneration of arsenate-loaded ferric hydroxide-based adsorbents. Solutions containing only 0.10–5.0 M NaOH or 0.10–1.0 M NaCl, as well as solutions containing both compounds, were used as regenerants. On all media, >99% of arsenate was adsorbed through complexation with ferric hydroxide. Arsenate recovery was controlled by both equilibrium and kinetic limitations. Adsorbents containing support material with weak base anion-exchange functionality or no anion-exchange functionality could be regenerated with NaOH solutions alone. Regeneration of media containing strong base anion (SBA)-exchange functionality was greatly enhanced by addition of 0.10 M NaCl to the NaOH regenerant solutions. Adsorbed silica had a significant effect on NaOH regeneration of media containing type I SBA-exchange functionality, but on other media, adsorbed silica had little impact on regeneration. On all media, 5–25% of arsenate was resistant to desorption in 1.0 M NaOH solutions. However, the use of 2.5–5.0 M NaOH solutions significantly reduced the desorption-resistant fraction.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlexandratosS.D. (2009). Ion-exchange resins: A retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry research. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 388.
2.
AwualR., El-SaftyS.A., and JyoA. (2011). Removal of trace arsenic(V) and phosphate from water by a highly selective ligand exchange adsorbent. J. Environ. Sci., 23, 1947.
3.
BangS., PatelM., LippincottL., and MengX. (2005). Removal of arsenic from groundwater by granular titanium dioxide adsorbent. Chemosphere, 60, 389.
4.
BoldajiM.R., NabizadehR., DehghaniM.H., NadafiK., and MahviA.H. (2010). Evaluating the performance of iron nanoparticle resin in removing arsenate from water. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng., 45, 946.
5.
BornakW.E. (2003). Ion Exchange Deionization. Littleton, CO: Tall Oaks Publishing.
6.
ChaudharyB.K., and FarrellJ. (2014). Preparation and characterization of homopolymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based fibrous sorbents for arsenic removal. Environ. Eng. Sci., 31, 593.
7.
CliffordD., and WeberW.J. (1983). The determinants of divalent/monovalent selectivity in anion exchangers. React. Polym., 1, 77.
8.
CumbalL., and SenGuptaA.K. (2005). Arsenic removal using polymer-supported hydrated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: Role of donnan membrane effect. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6508.
9.
DeMarcoM.J., SenGuptaA.K., and GreenleafJ.E. (2003). Arsenic removal using a polymeric/inorganic hybrid sorbent. Water Res., 37, 164.
10.
DixitS., and HeringJ.G. (2003). Comparison of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: Implications for arsenic mobility. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4182.
11.
DominguezL., EconomyJ., BenakK., and MangunC.L. (2003). Anion exchange fibers for arsenate removal derived from a vinylbenzyl chloride precursor. Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 632.
12.
FarrellJ., and ChaudharyB.K. (2013). Understanding arsenate reaction kinetics with ferric hydroxides. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8342.
13.
FendorfS., EickM.J., GrosslP., and SparksD.L. (1997). Arsenate and chromate retention mechanisms on goethite. 1. Surface structure. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 315.
14.
GaoX., RootR., FarrellJ., ElaW. P., and ChoroverJ. (2013). Effect of silicic acid on arsenate and arsenite retention mechanisms on 6-L ferrihydrite: A spectroscopic and batch adsorption approach. Appl. Geochem., 38, 110.
15.
GuoX., and ChenF. (2005). Removal of arsenic by bead cellulose loaded with iron oxyhydroxide from groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6808.
16.
HeG., PanG., and ZhangM. (2011). Studies on the reaction pathway of arsenate adsorption at water-TiO2 interfaces using density functional theory. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 364, 476.
17.
HristovskiK., WesterhoffP., MollerT., SylvesterP., ConditW., and MashH. (2008). Simultaneous removal of perchlorate and arsenate by ion-exchange media modified with nanostructured iron(hydr)oxide. J. Hazard. Mater., 152, 397.
18.
KubickiJ.D. (2005). Comparison of As(III) and As(V) complexation onto Al- and Fe-hydroxides. In Advances in Arsenic Research: Integration of Experimental and Observational Studies and Implications for Mitigation. ACS Symposium Series 915, p. 104.
19.
LinJ.C., and SenGuptaA.K. (2009). Hybrid anion exchange fibers with dual binding sites: Simultaneous and reversible sorption of perchlorate and arsenate. Environ. Eng. Sci., 26, 1673.
20.
LiuR., QuJ., XiaS., ZhangG., and LiG. (2007). Silicate hindering in situ formed ferric hydroxide precipitation: Inhibiting arsenic removal from water. Environ. Eng. Sci., 24, 707.
21.
MahlerJ., and PerssonI. (2013). Rapid adsorption of arsenic from aqueous solution by ferrihydrite-coated sand and granular ferric hydroxide. Appl. Geochem., 37, 179.
22.
ManceauA. (1995). The mechanism of anion adsorption on iron oxides: Evidence for the bonding of arsenate tetrahedral on free Fe(O, OH)6 edges. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 3647.
23.
ManningB.A., FendorfS. E., and GoldbergS. (1998). Surface structures and stability of arsenic(III) on goethite: Spectroscopic evidence for inner-sphere complexes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2383.
24.
ManningB.A., HuntM.L., AmrheinC., and YarmoffJ.A. (2002). Arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) reactions with zerovalent iron corrosion products. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5455.
25.
MengX., BangS., and KorfiatisG.P. (2000). Effects of silicate sulfate and carbonate on arsenic removal by ferric chloride. Water Res., 34, 1255.
26.
MohanD., and PittmanC.U. (2007). Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents: A critical review. J. Hazard. Mater., 142, 1.
27.
MollerT., and SylvesterP. (2008). Effect of silica and pH on arsenic uptake by resin/iron oxide hybrid media. Water Res., 42, 1760.
28.
MollerT., SylvesterP., ShepardD., and MorassiE. (2009). Arsenic in groundwater in New England—point-of-entry and point-of-use treatment of private wells. Desalination, 243, 293.
29.
MukherjeeA., SenguptaM.K., HossainM.A., AhamedS., DasB., NayakB., LodhD., RahmanM.M., and ChakrabotiD. (2006). Arsenic contamination in groundwater: A global perspective with emphasis on the Asian scenario. J. Health Popul. Nutr., 24, 142.
30.
NesteronokP.V., and SoldatovV.S. (2012). Acid-base properties of ion exchangers. IV. Synthesis and potentiometric analysis of polyampholytes on the base of polyacrylonitrile fibers. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 30, 414.
31.
SambaS., and WilsonR. (2008). Arsenic in food and water—A brief history. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 217.
32.
SarkarS., BlaneyL.M., GuptaA., GhoshD., and SenGuptaA.K. (2007). Use of ArsenXnp, a hybrid anion exchanger, for arsenic removal in remote villages in the Indian subcontinent. React. Funct. Polym., 67, 1599.
33.
SarkarS., BlaneyL.M., GuptaA., GhoshD., and SenGuptaA.K. (2008). Arsenic removal from groundwater and its safe containment in a rural environment: Validation of sustainable approach. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4268.
34.
SenGuptaA.K., MarcusY., and MarinskyJ.A. (2004). Ion Exchange and Solvent Extractions: A Series of Advances. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
35.
SoldatovV.S. (2008). Synthesis and the main properties of fiban fibrous ion exchangers. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 26, 457.
36.
StoneR. (2008). Arsenic and paddy rice: A neglected cancer risk?. Science, 321, 184.
37.
SuC., and PulsR.W. (2001). Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: Effects of phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, and nitrate, relative to chloride. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4562.
38.
SwedlundP.J., MiskelleyG.M. and McQuillanA.J. (2010). Silicic acid adsorption and oligomerization at the ferrihydrite-water interface: ATR-IR spectra based on a model surface structure. Langmuir, 26, 3394.
39.
SylvesterP., WesterhoffP., MollerT., BadruzzamanM., and BoydO. (2007). A hybrid sorbent utilizing nanoparticles of hydrous iron oxide for arsenic removal from drinking water. Environ. Eng. Sci., 24, 104.
40.
TresintsiS., SimeonidisK., KatsikiniM., PalouraE.C., BantsisG., and MitrakasM. (2014). A novel approach for arsenic adsorbents regeneration using MgO. J. Hazard. Mater., 265, 217.
41.
VatutsinaO.M., SoldatovV.S., SokolovaV.I., JohannJ., BissenM., and WeissenbacherA. (2007). A new hybrid (polymer/inorganic) fibrous sorbent for arsenic removal from drinking water. React. Funct. Polym., 67, 184.
42.
WaychunasG., TrainorT.P., EngP., NewvilleM., CatalanoJ.G., and BrownG.E. (2004). Surface EXAFS and diffraction study of arsenate sorption on hematite single crystals. In Presented at the 227th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. Anaheim, CA, March 28–April 1.
43.
WaychunasG.A., DavisJ. A., and FullerC.C. (1995). Geometry of sorbed arsenate on ferrihydrite and crystalline FeOOH: Re-evaluation of EXAFS results and topological factors in predicting sorbate geometry, evidence for monodentate complexes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 3655.
44.
WaychunasG.A., ReaB.A., FullerC.C., and DavisJ.A. (1993) Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 1: EXAFS studies of the geometry of coprecipitated and adsorbed arsenate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 2251.
45.
WilliamsT.S., ChenA.S.C., WangL., and PaolucciA.M. (2009). Arsenic removal from drinking water by adsorptive media U.S. EPA demonstration project at Wellman, TX. Final Performance Evaluation Report, EPA/600/R-09/145.
46.
ZaganiarisE.J. (2011). Ion Exchange Resins and Synthetic Adsorbents in Food Processing. Paris, France: Books on Demand GmbH.
47.
ZhangX., JiangK., TianZ., HuangW., and ZhaoL. (2008). Removal of arsenic in water by an ion-exchange fiber with amino groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 110, 3934.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
