Photochemical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are of interest due to their effects on natural and engineered systems, including the fate and transport of organic contaminants and pathogen inactivation. DOM absorbs energy and produces different reactive intermediates (RI), including the hydroxyl radical (HO·), singlet oxygen (1O2), and excited triplet states (3DOM*). Recently, a new set of DOM samples, including natural organic matter (NOM), the hydrophobic organic acid fraction (HPOA), and the transphilic acid fraction (TPIA) from the Suwannee River, were collected. Apparent quantum yields for the formation of HO·, 1O2, and 3DOM* were measured for DOM samples using a solar simulator. Values were 2.09–4.20×10−4 for triplet states, 2.74–6.54×10−2 for singlet oxygen, and 0.95–1.65×10−5 for hydroxyl radical for the different samples. In addition, fluorescence quantum yields were measured with obtained values between 0.79–1.3×10−2. In some cases, values obtained were different from older DOM samples, indicating potential changes in properties of DOM in the Suwannee River over time.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AikenG.R., McKnightD.M., ThornK.A., and ThurmanE.M. (1992). Isolation of hydrophilic organic-acids from water using nonionic macroporous resins. Org. Geochem., 18, 567.
2.
AlegriaA.E., FerrerA., SantiagoG., SepulvedaE., and FloresW. (1999). Photochemistry of water-soluble quinones. Production of the hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and the superoxide ion. J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem., 127, 57.
3.
AlegriaA.E., FerrerA., and SepulvedaE. (1997). Photochemistry of water-soluble quinones. Production of a water-derived spin adduct. Photochem. Photobiol., 66, 436.
4.
al HousariF., VioneD., ChironS., and BarbatiS. (2010). Reactive photoinduced species in estuarine waters. Characterization of hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and dissolved organic matter triplet state in natural oxidation processes. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 9, 78.
5.
BennerR. (2003). Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter. In FindlayS and SinsabaughR.L., Eds. Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 121–137.
6.
BirksJ.B. (1970). Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules. London: Wiley Interscience.
7.
CanonicaS., and FreiburghausM. (2001). Electron-rich phenols for probing the photochemical reactivity of freshwaters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 690.
8.
CanonicaS., JansU., StemmlerK., and HoigneJ. (1995). Transformation kinetics of phenols in water–photosensitization by dissolved organic material and aromatic ketones. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1822.
9.
CawleyK.M., HakalaJ.A., and ChinY.P. (2009). Evaluating the triplet state photoreactivity of dissolved organic matter isolated by chromatography and ultrafiltration using an alkylphenol probe molecule. Limnol. Oceanography Methods, 7, 391.
10.
ChinY.P., AikenG.R., and O'LoughlinE. (1994). Molecular weight, polydispersivity, and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1853.
11.
CobleP.G. (1996). Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation emission matrix spectroscopy. Mar. Chem., 51, 325.
12.
CooperW.J., and ZikaR.G. (1983). Photochemical formation of hydrogen-peroxide in surface and groud waters exposed to sunlight. Science, 220, 711.
13.
DalrympleR.M., CarfagnoA.K., and SharplessC.M. (2010). Correlations between dissolved organic matter optical properties and quantum yields of singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5824.
14.
Del VecchioR., and BloughN.V. (2004). On the origin of the optical properties of humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3885.
15.
DongM.M., and Rosario-OrtizF.L. (2012). Photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical from effluent organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 3788.
16.
GanD., JiaM., VaughanP.P., FalveyD.E., and BloughN.V. (2008). Aqueous photochemistry of methyl-benzoquinone. J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 2803.
17.
GolanoskiK.S., FangS., Del VecchioR., and BloughN.V. (2012). Investigating the mechanism of phenol photooxidation by humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 3912.
18.
GreenN.W., McInnisD.M., HertkornN., MauriceP.A., and PerdueE.M. (2014). Suwannee River natural organic matter: Isolation of the 2R101N reference sample by reverse osmosis. Environ. Eng. Sci., 32, 38.
19.
HaagW.R., and HoigneJ. (1986). Singlet oxygen in surface waters. 3. Photochemical formation and steady-state concentrations in various types of waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 341.
20.
HaagW.R., HoigneJ., GassmanE., and BraunA.M. (1984). Singlet oxygen in surface waters. 2. Quantum yields of its production by some natural humic materials as a function of wavelength. Chemosphere, 13, 641.
21.
JaffeR., McKnightD., MaieN., CoryR., McDowellW.H., and CampbellJ.L. (2008). Spatial and temporal variations in DOM composition in ecosystems: The importance of long-term monitoring of optical properties. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 113 (article no. G04032).
22.
KaplanL.A., WiegnerT.N., NewboldJ.D., OstromP.H., and GandhiH. (2008). Untangling the complex issue of dissolved organic carbon uptake: A stable isotope approach. Freshwater Biol., 53, 855.
23.
KorakJ.A., Rosario-OrtizF., and SummersR.S. (2014). Fluorescence characterization of humic substance coagulation: Application of new tools to an old process. In Rosario-OrtizF., Ed. Advances in the Physicochemical Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter: Impact on Natural and Engineered Systems. Washington, DC: ACS.
24.
KuhnK.M., NeubauerE., HofmannT., von der KammerF., AikenG.R., and MauriceP.A. (2014). Concentrations and distributions of metals associated with dissolved organic matter from the Suwannee River (GA, USA). Environ. Eng. Sci., 32, 54.
25.
LawaetzA.J., and StedmonC.A. (2009). Fluorescence intensity calibration using the raman scatter peak of water. Appl. Spectrosc., 63, 936.
26.
LesterY., SharplessC.M., MamaneH., and LindenK.G. (2013). Production of Photo-oxidants by dissolved organic matter during UV water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11726.
27.
McKnightD.M., BoyerE.W., WesterhoffP.K., DoranP.T., KulbeT., and AndersenD.T. (2001). Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity. Limnol. Oceanography, 46, 38.
28.
MopperK., and ZhouX.L. (1990). Hydroxyl radical photoproduction in the sea and its potential impact on marine processes. Science, 250, 661.
29.
MostafaS., KorakJ.A., ShimabukuK., GloverC.M., and Rosario-OrtizF. (2014). Relation between optical properties and formation of reactive intermediates from different size fractions of organic matter. In Rosario-OrtizF., Ed. Advances in the Physicochemical Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter: Impact on Natural and Engineered Systems. Washington, DC: ACS, pp. 159–179.
30.
MostafaS., and Rosario-OrtizF.L. (2013). Singlet oxygen formation from wastewater organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8179.
31.
OhnoT. (2002). Fluorescence inner-filtering correction for determining the humification index of dissolved organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 742.
32.
OnonyeA.I., McIntoshA.R., and BoltonJ.R. (1986). Mechanisms of the photochemistry of p=benzoquinone in aqueous solutions. 1. Spin trapping and flash photolysis electron paramagnetic resonance studies. J. Phys. Chem., 90, 6266.
33.
PageS.E., ArnoldW.A., and McNeillK. (2011). Assessing the contribution of free hydroxyl radical in organic matter-sensitized photohydroxylation reactions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 2818.
34.
PetersonB.M., McNallyA.M., CoryR.M., ThoemkeJ.D., CotnerJ.B., and McNeillK. (2012). Spatial and temporal distribution of singlet oxygen in lake superior. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7222.
35.
PeuravuoriJ., and PihlajaK. (1997). Molecular size distribution and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances. Anal. Chim. Acta, 337, 133.
36.
PochonA., VaughanP.P., GanD.Q., VathP., BloughN.V., and FalveyD.E. (2002). Photochemical oxidation of water by 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone: Evidence against the formation of free hydroxyl radical. J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 2889.
37.
RichardC., TrubetskayaO., TrubetskojO., ReznikovaO., Afanas'evaG., AguerJ.P., and GuyotG. (2004). Key role of the low molecular size fraction of soil humic acids for fluorescence and photoinductive activity. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2052.
38.
TrenholmR.A., VanderfordB.J., DrewesJ.E., and SnyderS.A. (2008). Determination of household chemicals using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1190, 253.
VaughanP.P., and BloughN.V. (1998). Photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical by constituents of natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2947.
41.
VelapoldiR.A., and MielenzK.D. (1980). A fluorescence standard reference material: quinine sulfate dihydrate (No. 260–64). National Bureau of Standards. Available at: www.nist.gov/srm/upload/SP260-64.PDF
42.
VioneD., MinellaM., MaurinoV., and MineroC. (2014). Indirect photochemistry in sunlit surface waters: Photoinduced production of reactive transient species. Chemistry, 20, 10590.
43.
WeishaarJ.L., AikenG.R., BergamaschiB.A., FramM.S., FujiiR., and MopperK. (2003). Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4702.
44.
YamashitaY., and JaffeR. (2008). Characterizing the interactions between trace metals and dissolved organic matter using excitation-emission matrix and parallel factor analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7374.
45.
ZeppR.G., WolfeN.L., BaughmanG.L., and HollisR.C. (1977). Single oxygen in natural waters. Nature, 267, 421.
46.
ZhangY.L., ZhangE.L., LiuM.L., WangX., and QinB.Q. (2007). Variation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and possible attenuation depth of ultraviolet radiation in Yunnan Plateau lakes. Limnology, 8, 311.
47.
ZsolnayA., BaigarE., JimenezM., SteinwegB., and SaccomandiF. (1999). Differentiating with fluorescence spectroscopy the sources of dissolved organic matter in soils subjected to drying. Chemosphere, 38, 45.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
