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Abstract

This study reports on the photooxidation of antiepileptic drug primidone by direct UV-C irradiation, UV-C/H₂O₂, and UV-C/Fe(II). The influence of different parameters, such as pH, hydrogen peroxide concentration, Fe(II) concentration, Cl⁻ concentration, HCO₃⁻ concentration, and primidone initial concentration, has been studied. Experiments were carried out by utilizing a UV high-pressure mercury lamp with 254 nm wavelength to irradiate aqueous solutions of primidone. Kinetic experiments showed that primidone followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. H₂O₂ concentration and Fe(II) concentration had significant influence on photodegradation speed of primidone, and their optimal concentrations were 1 and 0.1 mM, respectively. According to results of photooxidation experiments, effectiveness of specific photooxidation processes could be arranged in the following order: UV-C/Fe(II)>UV-C/H₂O₂>UV-C. Optimum conditions for primidone UV-C and UV-C/H₂O₂ photodegradation were observed at a pH value of 6.3. Increase of concentration of Cl⁻ in UV-C/H₂O₂ system slightly increased primidone degradation rate. However, presence of HCO₃⁻ inhibited photodegradation of primidone. Saturation of primidone aqueous solution with O₂ proved to be beneficial to degradation of primidone in UV-C/Fe(II) system. Phenobarbital, 4-hydroxyphenobarbital, and 1-(2-nitrobenzyl)-5-oxoproline were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry analysis as main by-products of primidone degradation. Finally, primidone and its by-products were subjects to complete mineralization to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. This study obtained the fundamental data on the UV degradation efficiency and the by-products of primidone, and data obtained in our study can be used to evaluate the application of advanced oxidation processes.

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Degradation of Anticonvulsant Drug Primidone in Aqueous Solution by UV Photooxidation Processes

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