A series of precious metal catalysts (M/titanium dioxide [TiO2], M = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, or Au) were prepared by a light deposition method, and for the first time, synergistic effects of photocatalytic degradation of phenol (20 mg/L) under UV irradiation (365 nm) by M/TiO2 with electron capture agent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been investigated. Results showed that H2O2 plays a great synergistic role on M/TiO2, and the photocatalytic activity of M/TiO2 is closely related to its work function. Ag loading greatly enhanced activity of TiO2 due to the normal reduction mechanism and the “activated” mechanism between H2O2 and Ag nanoparticles. Under the optimum conditions of Ag loading at 0.5 wt.%, Ag/TiO2 concentration at 0.1 g/L, H2O2 concentration at 50 mmol/L, and pH value of the reaction solution at 5, the phenol can be degraded by 65% within 3 h, which is 45% more than that in the TiO2 photocatalytic system. Kinetics of the degradation of phenol can be characterized as pseudo-first order. Such synergistic photocatalytic degradation by precious metal supported TiO2 with H2O2 provides a new approach for the degradation of refractory pollutants in waste water.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AkbalF., and OnarA.N. (2003). Photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Environ. Monit. Assess., 83, 295.
2.
AlatonI.A., BalciogluI.A., and BahnemannD.W. (2002). Advanced oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent: Comparison of O3, H2O2/UV-C and TiO2/UV-A processes. Water Res. 36, 1143.
3.
AnH.Q., ZhouJ., LiJ.X., ZhuB.L., WangS.R., ZhangS.M., WuS.H., and HuangW.P. (2009). Deposition of Pt on the stable nanotubular TiO2 and its photocatalytic performance. Catal. Commun., 11, 175.
4.
BauerR., WaldnerG., FallmannH., HagerS., KlareM., KrutzlerT., MalatoS., and MaletzkyP. (1999). The photo-fenton reaction and the TiO2/UV process for waste water treatment-novel developments. Catal. Today, 53, 131.
5.
CampbellF.W., BeldingS.R., BaronR., XiaoL., and ComptonR.G. (2009). Hydrogen peroxide electroreduction at a silver-nanoparticle array: Investigating nanoparticle size and coverage effects. J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 9053.
6.
ChaiB., PengT.Y., ZengP., and ZhangX.H. (2012). Preparation of a MWCNTs/ZnIn2S4 composite and its enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation. Dalton Trans. 41, 1179.
7.
ChiarelloG.L., AguirreM.H., and SelliE. (2010). Hydrogen production by photocatalytic steam reforming of methanol on noble metal-modified TiO2. J. Catal., 273, 182.
8.
DiasI.N., SouzaB.S., PereiraJ.H.O.S., MoreiraF.C., DezottiM., BoaventuraR.A.R., and VilarV.J.P. (2014). Enhancement of the photo-Fenton reaction at near neutral pH through the use of ferrioxalate complexes: A case study on trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole antibiotics removal from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J., 247, 302.
9.
DjeffalL., AbderrahmaneS., BenzinaM., FourmentinM., SiffertS., and FourmentinS. (2014). Efficient degradation of phenol using natural clay as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 3331.
10.
FabbriD., PrevotA.B., and PramauroE. (2006). Effect of surfactant microstructures on photocatalytic degradation of phenol and chlorophenols. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 62, 21.
11.
FlaètgenG., WasleS., LuèbkeM., EickesC., RadhakrishnanG., DoblhoferK., and ErtlG. (1999). Autocatalytic mechanism of H2O2 reduction on Ag electrodes in acidic electrolyte: Experiments and simulations. Electrochim. Acta, 44, 4499.
12.
FuX.L., LongJ.L., WangX.X., LeungD.Y.C., and DingZ.X. (2008). Photocatalytic reforming of biomass: A systematic study of hydrogen evolution from glucose solution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 6484.
13.
HarirM., GasparA., KanawatiB., FeketeA., FrommbergerM., MartensD., KettrupA., El AzzouziM., and Schmitt-KopplinP. (2008). Photocatalytic reactions of imazamox at TiO2, H2O2 and TiO2/H2O2 in water interfaces: Kinetic and photoproducts study. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 84, 524.
14.
KashifN., and OuyangF. (2009). Parameters effect on heterogeneous photocatalysed degradation of phenol in aqueous dispersion of TiO2. J. Environ. Sci. China, 21, 527.
15.
KhraishehM., KimJ., CamposL., Al-MuhtasebA.H., WalkerG.M., and AlGhoutiM. (2013). Removal of carbamazepine from water by a novel TiO2-coconut shell powder/UV process: Composite preparation and photocatalytic activity. Environ. Eng. Sci., 30, 515.
16.
LeeS.L., ScottJ., ChiangK., and AmalR. (2009). Nanosized metal deposits on titanium dioxide for augmenting gas-phase toluene photooxidation. J. Nanopart. Res., 11, 209.
17.
MahmoodiN.M. (2013). Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using carbon nanotube and titania nanoparticle. Water Air Soil Pollut. 224, 1612.
18.
MartinsA.F., MayerF., ConfortinE.C., FrankC.D. (2009). A study of photocatalytic processes involving the degradation of the organic load and amoxicillin in hospital wastewater. J. Clean., 37, 365.
19.
MichaelsonH.B. (1977). The work function of the element and its periodicity. J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729.
20.
MinellaM., MarchettiG., LaurentiisE.D., MalandrinoM., MaurinoV., MineroC., VioneD., and HannaK. (2014). Photo-Fenton oxidation of phenol with magnetite as iron source. Appl. Catal. B Environ.154–155, 102.
21.
MuruganandhamM., ShobanaN., and SwaminathanM. (2006). Optimization of solar photocatalytic degradation conditions of reactive yellow 14 azo dye in aqueous TiO2. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 246, 154.
22.
MuruganandhamM., and SwaminathanM. (2006). TiO2-UV photocatalytic oxidation of reactive yellow 14: Effect of operational parameters. J. Hazard. Mater., 135, 78.
23.
PangD.D., DongM.H., MaX.D., and OuyangF. (2014). Photocatalytic decomposition of gas-phase chlorobenzene with transition metal-doped KLaTi2O6 under visible light irradiation. Environ. Eng. Sci., 31, 1.
24.
PradhanB., MurugavelhS., and MohantyK. (2012). Phenol biodegradation by indigenous mixed microbial consortium: Growth kinetics and inhibition. Environ. Eng. Sci., 29, 86.
25.
RathinaveluJ.R., JungM.J., ImJ.S., Seak-LeeY., and PalaniveluK. (2013). Electrospinning of polymer-unaided TiO2 fibers and iron impregnation for sunlight-induced photo-Fenton's degradation of dyes. Environ. Eng. Sci., 30, 653.
26.
ShiH.X., ZhangT.Y., WangH.L., WangX., and HeM. (2011). Photocatalytic conversion of naphthalene to alpha-naphthol using nanometer-sized TiO2. Chinese J. Catal., 32, 46.
27.
SivakumarS., SelvarajA., RamasamA.K., and BalasubramanianV. (2013). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes over fetio3/tio2 heterojunction in the presence of H2O2, Water Air Soil Pollut. 224, 1529.
28.
SunB., ZhangJ., DuJ.S., QiaoJ.L., and GuanX.H. (2014). Reinvestigation of the role of humic acid in the oxidation of phenols by permanganate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 14332.
29.
TianF., ZhuR.S., HeY.B., and OuyangF. (2014). Improving photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution over ZnIn2S4 under visible-light: A case study of rare earth modification. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 6335.
30.
TianF., ZhuR.S., SongK.L., OuyangF., and CaoG. (2015). The effects of amount of La on the photocatalytic performance of ZnIn2S4 for hydrogen generation under visible light. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 40, 2141.
31.
WangY.J., LinJ., ZongR.L., HeJ., and ZhuY.F. (2011). Enhanced photoelectric catalytic degradation of methylene blue via TiO2 nanotube arrays hybridized with graphite-like carbon. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 349, 13.
32.
WuG.Z., KatsumuraY., MuroyaY., LinM.Z., and MoriokaT. (2002). Temperature dependence of carbonate radical in NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions: Is the radical a single anion? J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 2430.
33.
YangL.M., YuL.E., and RayM.B. (2008). Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solutions by TiO2 photocatalysis. Water Res. 42, 3480.
34.
ZhangD.D., QiuR.L., SongL., EricB., MoY.Q., and HuangX.F. (2009). Role of oxygen active species in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol using polymer sensitized TiO2 under visible light irradiation. J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 843.
35.
ZhangG.S., ZhangW., WangP., MinakataD., ChenY.S., and CrittendenJ. (2013). Stability of an H2-producing photocatalyst (Ru/(CuAg)0.15In0.3Zn1.4S2) in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. Int. J.Hydrogen Energy, 38, 1286.
36.
ZhaoH., XuS.H., ZhongJ.B., and BaoX.H. (2004). Kinetic study on the photo-catalytic degradation of pyridine in TiO2 suspension systems. Catal. Today. 93–95, 857.
