A typical organic waste, petroleum drill cuttings containing hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and chlorides, was treated by stabilization/solidification (S/S) using cement and high carbon fly ash. Analytical techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry/microspectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, were used to investigate the effect of drill cuttings on binder hydration products, the interaction between binders and drill cuttings, and the type of immobilization mechanism occurring. Results show that both high carbon fly ash and drill cuttings addition decreased the amounts of binder hydration products. Hydrocarbons were discovered to be physically trapped by micro- and macroencapsulation in the matrix formed by binder hydration. Chemical interaction was observed between binders and chlorides leading to Friedel's salt formation. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared analysis of residues from leaching test indicated that exposure of S/S products to leaching conditions could compromise their integrity. This work demonstrates use of these techniques to investigate the interactions between a waste and binder during S/S, thus aiding the development of an effective S/S system.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbdelrazigB.E.I., BonnerD.G., NowellD.V.1989. Estimation of the degree of hydration in modified ordinary Portland cement pastes by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim. Acta, 145:203.
2.
AbdelrazigB.E.I., MainS.D., NowellD.V.1992. Hydration studies of modified OPC pastes by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. J. Therm. Anal., 38:495.
3.
Ben-dorL., PerezD.1975. Hydration of cement minerals with various admixtures studied by differential thermal analysis and infrared spectrometry. Thermochim. Acta, 12:81.
4.
Birnin-YauriU.A., GlasserF.P.1998. Friedel's salt, Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl,OH) · 2H2O: its solid solutions and their role in chloride binding. Cem. Concr. Res., 28:1713.
5.
ChaineauC.H., MorelJ.L., OudotJ.1995. Microbial degradation in soil microcosms of fuel oil hydrocarbons from drilling cuttings. Environ. Sci. Tech., 29:1615.
6.
CoatesJ.2000. Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. MeyersR.A.Encyclopaedia of Analytical Chemistry. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 10815.
7.
CORDAH. 1999. Research on the re-use of drill cuttings onshore. Anne Manning and Marianne Lang, Report No: Cordah/COR012/1999. CORDAH Research Limited: United Kingdom.
HannaR.A., BarrieP.J., CheesemanC.R., HillsC.D., BuchlerP.M., PerryR.1995. Solid state 29Si and 27Al NMR and FTIR study of cement pastes containing industrial wastes and organics. Cem. Concr. Res., 25:1435.
10.
HassettD.J., Pflughoeff-HassettD.F., KumarathasanP., McCarthyG.J.1989. Ettringite as an agent for the fixation of hazardous oxyanions. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Madison Waste Conference on Municipal and Industrial Waste, Madison, WI, 471–481.
11.
KizilkayaO., ScottJ.D., MorikawaE., GarberJ.D., PerkinsR.S.2005. Performance of the infrared microspectroscopy beamline at CAMD. Rev. Sci. Inst., 76:013703 1.
12.
LeonardS.A., StegemannJ.A.2010a. Stabilization/solidification of petroleum drill cuttings. J. Hazard. Mater., 174:463.
13.
LeonardS.A., StegemannJ.A.2010b. Stabilization/solidification of petroleum drill cuttings: leaching studies. J. Hazard. Mater., 174:484.
14.
LeonardS.A., StegemannJ.A., RoyA.2010. High carbon fly ash as sorbent for the treatment of petroleum residues. Environ. Eng. Sci., 27:199.
15.
MacLarenD.C., WhiteM.A.2003. Cement: its chemistry and properties. J. Chem. Educ., 80:623.
16.
MadejovaJ.2003. FTIR technique in clay mineral studies. Vibrational Spectrosc., 31:1.
17.
McCarthyG.J., HassettD.J., BenderJ.A.1992. Synthesis, crystal chemistry and stability of ettringite, a material with potential application in hazardous waste immobilization. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 245:129.
MollahM.Y.A., LuF., CockeD.L.1998. An x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) characterization of the speciation of arsenic (V) in Portland cement type—V. Sci. Total Environ., 224:57.
20.
MollahM.Y.A., YuW., SchennachR., CockeD.L.2000. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigation of the early hydration of Portland cement and the influence of sodium lignosulfonate. Cem. Concr. Res., 30:267.
21.
MontgomeryD.M., SollarsC.J., PerryR., TarlingS.E., BarnesP., HendersonE.1991. Treatment of organic contaminated industrial wastes using cement-based stabilization/solidification—I, microstructural analysis of cement-organic interactions. Waste Manag. Res., 9:103.
22.
MoukwaM., FarringtonS., YounD.1992. Determination of Ca(OH)2 in hydrated cement paste by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim. Acta, 195:231.
23.
MyneniS.C.B., TrainaS.J., WaychunasG.A., LoganT.J.1998. Vibrational spectroscopy of functional group chemistry and arsenate coordination in ettringite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62:3499.
24.
Natali SoraI., PelosatoR., BottaD., DotelliG.2002. Chemistry and microstructure of cement pastes admixed with organic liquids. J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 22:1463.
25.
National Research Council (NRC). 1983. Drilling Discharges in the Marine Environment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
26.
NeffJ.M.2005. Composition, Environmental, Fates, and Biological Effects of Water Based Drilling Muds and Cuttings Discharged to the Marine Environment. Prepared for the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum and American Petroleum Institute: Battelle, Duxbury, MA.
27.
PollardS.J.T., MontgomeryD.M., SollarsC.J., PerryR.1991. Organic compounds in the cement-based stabilization/solidification of hazardous mixed wastes—mechanistic and process consideration. J. Hazard. Mater., 28:313.
28.
PoonC.S., QiaoX.C., LinZ.S.2003. Pozzolanic properties of reject fly ash in blended cements pastes. Cem. Concr. Res., 33:1857.
29.
QiaoX.C., PoonC.S., CheesemanC.R.2007. Investigation into the stabilization/solidification performance of Portland cement through cement clinker phases. J. Hazard. Mater., 139:238.
30.
RobinsonJ.P., KingmanS.W., OnobrakpeyaO.2008. Microwave-assisted stripping of oil contaminated drill cuttings. J. Environ. Mgmt., 88:211.
31.
SaettaA.V., SchreflerB.A., VitalianiR.V.1993. The carbonation of concrete and the mechanism of moisture, heat, and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials. Cem. Concr. Res., 23:761.
32.
ShaW., O'NeillE.A., GuoZ.1999. Differential scanning calorimetry study of ordinary Portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res., 29:1487.
33.
ShiC.2004. Hydraulic cement systems for stabilization/solidification. SpenceR.D., ShiC.Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive, and Mixed Wastes. United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 49.
34.
SilvaD.A., RomanH.R., GleizeP.J.P.2002. Evidences of chemical interaction between EVA and hydrating Portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res., 32:1383.
35.
SkipperD.G., EatonH.C., CartledgeF.K., TittlebaumM.E.1987. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis of type I Portland cement pastes containing parachlorophenol. Cem. Concr. Res., 17:851.
36.
SlegersP.A., RouxhetP.G.1976. Carbonation of the hydration products of tricalcium silicate. Cem. Concr. Res., 6:381.
37.
StegemannJ.A., ZhouQ.2009. Screening tests for assessing treatability of inorganic industrial wastes by stabilization/solidification with cement. J. Hazard. Mater., 161:300.
38.
StephensonR.L., SeatonS., McCharenR., HernandezE., BensonP.R.2004. Thermal desorption of oil from oil-based drilling fluids cuttings: processes and technologies. Proceedings of the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, APOGCE, 323–330.
39.
StuartB.2004. Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
40.
SuryavanshiA.K., ScantleburyJ.D., LyonS.B.1995. The binding of chloride ions by sulfate resistant Portland cement. Cem. Conc. Res., 25:581.
41.
TaylorH.F.W.1997. Cement Chemistry. London, United Kingdom: Thomas Telford Ltd.
42.
TrussellS., SpenceR.D.1994. A review of solidification/stabilization interferences. Waste Manag., 14:507.
43.
VeilJ., ElcockD., RaivelM., CaudleD., AyersR.C., GrunewaldB.1996. Disposal of non-hazardous oil field wastes into salt caverns. Proceedings of the International Conference on HSE in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 2:767–768.
44.
VeilJ.A.2002. Drilling waste management: past, present, and future. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX.
45.
YuP., KirkpatrickR.J., PoeB., McMillanP.F., CongX.1999. Structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H): near-, mid-, and far-Infrared spectroscopy. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82:742.
