Sepsis is a serious systemic inflammatory condition triggered by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, that can result in multiple organ failure and a life-threatening situation. Despite advances in medical care, the mortality rate for sepsis remains high even with aggressive treatment strategies such as antibiotic therapy, fluid resuscitation, and respiratory and circulatory support. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a novel nanoscale biocarrier, exhibit diverse biological functions including immune modulation and tissue regeneration, suggesting promising applications in the field. This article provides an overview of the diverse therapeutic effects of EVs derived from various sources in the management of sepsis. Furthermore, EVs not only possess intrinsic therapeutic properties, such as immune modulation, but also function as targeted delivery vehicles for a variety of drug molecules, leading to synergistic therapeutic outcomes. In conclusion, extracellular vesicle therapy is poised to emerge as a dynamic and innovative force driving advancements in sepsis treatment.
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