Heterogeneity in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) leads to different strategies in clinical decision making. Identifying distinctive subgroups in patients contributes to develop more individualized treatments. This study constructed a novel prediction model for the prognosis of CRC patients based on the value of risk score combining the expression status of immune-related genes and coefficients. In this study, we built an interactive network of prognosis-related immune genes and transcription factors and adopted several methods to verify the accuracy of model. Moreover, we assessed the correlation between risk score and immune infiltration. The results suggested that the model was well fit and the risk score could be an independent predictive factor for CRC patients. This model has high application value in the clinic.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BechtE., de ReyniesA., GiraldoN.A., PilatiC., ButtardB., LacroixL., et al. (2016). Immune and stromal classification of colorectal cancer is associated with molecular subtypes and relevant for precision immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res, 22, 4057–4066.
2.
BhattacharyaS., DunnP., ThomasC.G., SmithB., SchaeferH., ChenJ., et al. (2018). ImmPort, toward repurposing of open access immunological assay data for translational and clinical research. Sci Data 5,180015.
3.
BrayF., FerlayJ., SoerjomataramI., SiegelR.L., TorreL.A., and JemalA. (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 68, 394–424.
4.
BrennerH., KloorM., and PoxC.P. (2014). Colorectal cancer. Lancet, 383, 1490–1502.
5.
ChenS., WangW., LeeS., NafaK., LeeJ., RomansK., et al. (2006). Prediction of germline mutations and cancer risk in the Lynch syndrome. JAMA, 296, 1479–1487.
6.
ChoE., ParkI.J., YeomS.S., HongS.M., LeeJ.B., KimY.W., et al. (2019). A multi-gene model for predicting tumor responsiveness after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 105, 834–842.
7.
ColditzG.A., AtwoodK.A., EmmonsK., MonsonR.R., WillettW.C., TrichopoulosD., et al. (2000). Harvard report on cancer prevention volume 4: Harvard Cancer Risk Index. Risk Index Working Group, Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Causes Control, 11, 477–488.
8.
CollinsG.S., ReitsmaJ.B., AltmanD.G., and MoonsK.G. (2015). Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement. BMJ 350,g7594.
9.
DesrichardA., SnyderA., and ChanT.A. (2016). Cancer neoantigens and applications for immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res, 22, 807–812.
10.
DuanS., WangP., LiuF., HuangH., AnW., PanS., et al. (2019). Novel immune-risk score of gastric cancer: a molecular prediction model combining the value of immune-risk status and chemosensitivity. Cancer Med, 8, 2675–2685.
FryT.J., ShahN.N., OrentasR.J., Stetler-StevensonM., YuanC.M., RamakrishnaS., et al. (2018). CD22-targeted CAR T cells induce remission in B-ALL that is naive or resistant to CD19-targeted CAR immunotherapy. Nat Med, 24, 20–28.
13.
FujiiY. (2018). Prediction models for progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a review. Int J Urol, 25, 212–218.
14.
GuoG., WangY., ZhouY., QuanQ., ZhangY., WangH., et al. (2019). Immune cell concentrations among the primary tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer patients predicted by clinicopathologic characteristics and blood indexes. J Immunother Cancer 7,179.
15.
GuoY., BaoY., MaM., and YangW. (2017). Identification of key candidate genes and pathways in colorectal cancer by integrated bioinformatical analysis. Int J Mol Sci 18, pii:. E722.
16.
HaasK.M., JohnsonK.L., PhippsJ.P., and DoC. (2018). CD22 promotes B-1b cell responses to T cell-independent type 2 antigens. J Immunol, 200, 1671–1681.
17.
HaleD.F., VreelandT.J., and PeoplesG.E. (2016). Arming the immune system through vaccination to prevent cancer recurrence. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book, 35, e159–e167.
18.
JagerD., HalamaN., ZornigI., KlugP., KraussJ., and HaagG.M. (2016). Immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Oncol Res Treat, 39, 346–350.
19.
KalyanA., KircherS., ShahH., MulcahyM., and BensonA. (2018). Updates on immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol, 9, 160–169.
20.
LeeD.W., RyuH.S., JinM.S., LeeK.H., SuhK.J., YoukJ., et al. (2019). Immune recurrence score using 7 immunoregulatory protein expressions can predict recurrence in stage I-III breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer, 121, 230–236.
21.
LiT., FanJ., WangB., TraughN., ChenQ., LiuJ.S., et al. (2017). TIMER: a web server for comprehensive analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Cancer Res, 77, e108–e110.
22.
LongC., LvG., and FuX. (2019). Development of a general logistic model for disease risk prediction using multiple SNPs. FEBS Open Bio, 9, 2006–2012.
23.
MaH., QaziS., OzerZ., GaynonP., ReamanG.H., and UckunF.M. (2012). CD22 Exon 12 deletion is a characteristic genetic defect of therapy-refractory clones in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol, 156, 89–98.
24.
MatsubaraN., ImamuraA., YonemizuT., AkatsuC., YangH., UekiA., et al. (2018). CD22-binding synthetic sialosides regulate B lymphocyte proliferation through CD22 ligand-dependent and independent pathways, and enhance antibody production in mice. Front Immunol 9,820.
25.
MillerK.D., NogueiraL., MariottoA.B., RowlandJ.H., YabroffK.R., AlfanoC.M., et al. (2019). Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin, 69, 363–385.
26.
NishizakiR., OtaM., InokoH., MeguroA., ShiotaT., OkadaE., et al. (2009). New susceptibility locus for high myopia is linked to the uromodulin-like 1 (UMODL1) gene region on chromosome 21q22.3. Eye (Lond), 23, 222–229.
27.
ShannonP., MarkielA., OzierO., BaligaN.S., WangJ.T., RamageD., et al. (2003). Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res, 13, 2498–2504.
28.
TanQ., CuiJ., HuangJ., DingZ., LinH., NiuX., et al. (2016). Genomic alteration during metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem, 38, 469–486.
29.
WuJ., ZhaoY., ZhangJ., WuQ., and WangW. (2019). Development and validation of an immune-related gene pairs signature in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 8,1596715.
30.
YeohK.G., HoK.Y., ChiuH.M., ZhuF., ChingJ.Y., WuD.C., et al. (2011). The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening score: a validated tool that stratifies risk for colorectal advanced neoplasia in asymptomatic Asian subjects. Gut, 60, 1236–1241.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
