The silver(I) complex, [Ag(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)2](NO3) · H2O, has been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The binding interactions of this complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated using emission, absorption, circular dichroism, viscosity measurements, and gel electrophoresis studies. The calculated binding constant, Kb, obtained from UV–vis absorption studies was 5.3 ± 0.2 × 104 M−1. In fluorimetric studies, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction between the complex and CT-DNA showed hydrophobic interaction. In addition, in the circular dichroism spectrum, silver(I) complex induces a B → A structural transition of CT-DNA. Gel electrophoresis studies demonstrated that this complex has ability to cleave the supercoiled plasmid DNA. All these results suggest that the complex interacts with CT-DNA via partial intercalative mode of binding.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BarveA., KumbharA., BhatM., JoshiB., ButcherR., SonawaneU., JoshiR.2009. Mixed ligand copper (II) meltolate complexes: synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and cleavage and cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem, 48:9120–9132.
2.
BlankF.1951. In vitro fungistatic action of phenanthrolines against pathogenic fungi. Nature, 168:516–517.
3.
ButlerH.M., HurseA., ThurskyE.1969. Bactericidal action of selected phenanthroline chelates and related compounds. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 47:541–552.
4.
CoyleB., KavanaghK., McCannM, DevereuxM, GeraghtyM. 2003. Mode of anti-fungal activity of 1,10-phenanthroline and its Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ag(I) complexes. Biometals, 16:321–329.
5.
CoyleB., KinsellaP., McCannM., DevereuxM., O'ConnorR., ClynesM., KavanaghK.2004. Induction of apoptosis in yeast and mammalian cells by exposure to 1,10-Phenanthroline metal complexes. Toxicol In Vitro, 18:63–70.
6.
DeeganC., McCannM., DevereuxM., CoyleB., EganD.A.2007. In vitro cancer chemotherapeutic activity of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), [Ag2(phen)3(mal)] · 2H2O, [Cu(phen)2(mal)] · 2H2O and [Mn(phen)2(mal)] · 2H2O (malH2 = malonic acid) using human cancer cells. Cancer Lett, 247:224–233.
7.
GaoE.J., SunY.G., LiuQ.T., DuanL.Y.2006. An anticancer metallobenzylmalonate: crystal structure and anticancer activity of a palladium complex of 2,2'-bipyridine and benzylmalonate. J Coord Chem, 59:1295.
8.
HaqI.2002. Thermodynamics of drug–DNA interactions. Arch Biochem Biophys, 403:1–15.
JordanC.F, LermanL.S, VenableJ.H. 1972. Structure and circular dichroism of DNA in concentrated polymer solutions. Nat New Biol, 236:67–70.
11.
KashanianS., AskariS., AhmadiF., OmidfarK., GhobadiS., TarighatF.A.2008. In vitro study of DNA interaction with clodinafop-propargyl herbicide. DNA Cell Biol, 27:1–7.
KrishnaA.G., KumarD.V., KhanB.M., RawalS.K., GaneshK.N.1998. Taxol-DNA interactions: fluorescence and CD studies of DNA groove binding properties of taxol. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1381:104–112.
14.
LansdownA.2002. Silver 2: toxicity in mammals and how its products aid wound repair. J Wound Care, 11:173–177.
15.
LincolnP., TuiteE., NordenB.1997. Short-circuiting the molecular wire: cooperative binding of Δ-[Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ and Δ- [Rh(phi)2bipy]3+ to DNA. J Am chem Soc, 119:1454–1455.
16.
LiuG., YangX., ChenZ., ShenG., YuR.2000. Interaction of metal complexes of bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine with DNA. Anal Sci, 16:1255–1259.
17.
LiuJ.G., ZhangQ.L., JiL.N., CaoY.Y., ShiX.F.2001. Synthesis, characterization and interaction of mixed polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes with calf thymus DNA. Trans Met Chem, 26:733–738.
18.
MacLeodR.A.1952. The toxicity of o-phenanthroline for lactic acid bacteria. J Biol Chem, 197:751–761.
19.
MahadevanS., PalaniandavarM.1997. Electrochemical study of the enantioselective interaction of Tris(phen)Ru (II) with calf thymus DNA. Inorg Chim Acta, 254:291–302.
20.
MahadevanS., PalaniandavarM.1998. Spectroscopic and voltammetric studies on copper complexes of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolines bound to calf thymus DNA. Inorg Chem, 37:693–700.
21.
MaheswariP.U., PalaniandavarM.2004. binding and cleavage properties of certain tetrammine ruthenium(II) complexes of modified 1,10-phenanthrolines–effect of hydrogen-bonding on DNA-binding affinity. J Inorg Biochem, 98:219–230.
22.
McCannM., CoyleB., McKayS., McCormackP., KavanaghK., DevereuxM., McKeeV., KinsellaP., O'ConnorR., ClynesM.2004. Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of [Ag(phendion)2]ClO4 (phendion = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) and its effects on fungal and mammalian cells. BioMetals, 17:635–654.
23.
McMillanD.R., MeadowsA., KellyF.L.1993. DNA binding studies of Cu(bcp)2+ and Cu(dmp)2+: DNA elongation without intercalationof Cu(bcp)2+J Am Chem Soc, 115:6699–6704.
24.
MinosyanK.A., PoletaevA.I., VorobévA.F.1981. Influence of DNA on Ag(I)-C-phycocyanin complexes. Biophisica, 26:404–410.
25.
MostafaS.I., BadriaF.A.2008. Synthesis, spectroscopic, and anticancerous properties of mixed ligand palladium(II) and silver(I) complexes with 4,6-diamino-5-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine and 2,2′-bipyridyl. Met Based Drugs, 2008:723634.
26.
NaikD.B., MoorthyP.N., PriyadarsiniK.I.1990. Non-radiative energy transfer from 7-amino coumarin dyes to thiazine dyes in methanolic solutions. Chem Phys Lett, 168:533–538.
27.
NordénB., TjerneldF.1982. Structure of methylene blue-DNA complexes studied by linear and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Biopolymers, 21:1713–1734.
28.
PasternackR.F., GibbsE.J., VillafrancaJ.J.1983. Interactions of porphyrins with nucleic acids. Biochemistry, 22:2406–2414.
29.
RossP.D., SubramanionS.1981. Thermodynamics of protein association reactions: forces contributing to stability. Biochemistry, 20:3096–3102.
30.
SatyanarayanaS., DabroniakJ.C., ChairesJ.B.1992. Neither delta-nor lambda-tris(phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) binds to DNA by classical intercalation. Biochemistry, 31:9319–9324.
31.
SatyanarayanaS., DaborusakJ.C., ChairesJ. B.1993. Tris(phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) enantiomer interactions with DNA: mode and specificity of binding. Biochemistry, 32:2573–2584.
32.
ShahabadiN., FatahiA. 2010. Multispectroscopic DNA binding studies of a tris-chelate nickel (II) complex containing 4,7-diphenyl 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. J Mol Struct, 970:90–95.
33.
ShahabadiN., KashanianS., DarabiF.2009. In vitro study of DNA interaction with a water-soluble dinitrogen Schiff base. DNA Cell Biol, 28:1–8.
34.
SiroverM.A., LoebL.A.1976. Infidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro: screening for potential metal mutagens or carcinogens. Science, 194:1435–1436.
35.
TamilselviP., PalaniandavarM.2002. Spectral, viscometric and electrochemical studies on mixed ligand cobalt(III) complexes of certain diimine ligands bound to calf thymus DNA. Inorg Chim Acta, 337:420–428.
36.
TanF.L., ChaoH.2007. DNA-binding and photocleavage studies of mixed polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes with calf thymus DNA. Inorg Chim Acta, 360:2016–2022.
37.
TanF.L., WangF., SuG.J., ChaoH., ZhangS.2008a. Synthesis and spectroscopic DNA binding studies of [Ru(phen)2(tbtc)]2+ and [Ru(2,9-dmp)2(tbtc)]2+Spectro Chim Acta A, 71:1181–1187.
38.
TanF.L., ZhangS., LiuX., ChenY., LiuX.2008b. Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) studies on the DNA binding trend and spectral properties of two new Ru(II) complexes: [Ru(L)2(mip)](ClO4)2 (L = 2,9-dmp and 4,7-dmp)J Organomet Chem, 693:3387–3395.
39.
WangB., YangZ., CrewdsonP., WangD.2007. Synthesis, crystal structure, antibacterial assay and DNA binding activity of new binuclear Cu(II) complexes with bridging oxamidate. J Inorg Biochem, 101:1492–1504.
40.
WangK., LuJ., LiR.1996. The events that occure when cisplatin encounters cells. Coord Chem Rev, 151:53–88.
41.
WilsonW.D., TaniousF.A., BartonH.J., JonesR.L., StrekowskiL., BoykinD.W.1989. Binding of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to GC and mixed sequences in DNA intercalation of a classical groove-binding molecule. J Am Chem Soc, 111:5008–5010.
42.
ZhongC., HeY., Yu ZhouY., ZhangH.2009. Synthesis and luminescent properties of novel Cu(II), Zn(II) polymeric complexes based on 1,10-phenanthroline and biphenyl groups. J Chem Sci, 121:407–412.
