Glycemic Risk Index in a Cohort of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Stratified by the Coefficient of Variation: A Real-Life Study

Abstract

Objective

: To analyze the Glycemic Risk Index (GRI) and assess their possible differences according to coefficient of variation (CV) in a cohort of real-life type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) patient users of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM).

Patients and Methods

: In total, 447 adult users of isCGM with an adherence ≥70% were included in a cross-sectional study. GRI was calculated with its hypoglycemia (CHypo) and hyperglycemia (CHyper) components. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with GRI.

Results:

Mean age was 44.6 years (standard deviation [SD] 13.7), 57.7% being male; age of DM onset was 24.5 years (SD 14.3) and time of evolution was 20.6 years (SD 12.3). In patients with CV >36% (52.8%) versus CV ≤36% (47.2%), differences were observed in relation to GRI (18.8% [SD 1.9]; P < 0.001), CHypo (2.9% [SD 0.3]; P < 0.001), CHyper (6.3% [SD 1.4]; P < 0.001), and all classical glucometric parameters except time above range level 1. The variables that were independently associated with GRI in patient with CV >36% were time in range (TIR) (β = −1.49; confidence interval [CI:] 95% −1.63 to −1.37; P < 0.001), glucose management indicator (GMI) (β = −7.22; CI: 95% −9.53 to −4.91; P < 0.001), and CV (β = 0.85; CI: 95% 0.69 to 1.02; P < 0.001). However, in patients with CV ≤36%, the variables were age (β = 0.15; CI: 95% 0.03 to 0.28; P = 0.019), age of onset (β = −0.15; CI: 95% −0.28 to −0.02; P = 0.023), TIR (β = −1.35; CI: 95% −1.46 to −1.23; P < 0.001), GMI (β = −6.67; CI: 95% −9.18 to −4.15; P < 0.001), and CV (β = 0.33; CI: 95% 0.11 to 0.56; P = 0.004).

Conclusions:

In this study, the factors independently associated with metabolic control according to GRI are modified by glycemic variability.