Real‐World Diabetes Technology: What Do We Have? Who Are We Missing?

Rogers E . Diffusion of innovations. 5th ed. New York, NY: Free Press, 2003.

Messer LH , Weinzimer SA . Practical diabetes technology: Overcoming barriers in the real world. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2021; 23(S2): S159–S68.

Weiss D , Sund ER , Freese J , Krokstad S . The diffusion of innovative diabetes technologies as a fundamental cause of social inequalities in health. The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. Sociol Health Illn, 2020; 42: 1548–1565.

Cherubini V , Bonfanti R , Casertano A , De Nitto E , Iannilli A , Lombardo F , et al. Time in range in children with type 1 diabetes using treatment strategies based on nonautomated insulin delivery systems in the real world. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2020; 22: 509–515.

Pinsker JE , Leas S , Müller L , Habif S . Real-world improvements in hypoglycemia in an insulin-dependent cohort with diabetes mellitus pre/post tandem basal-IQ technology remote software update. Endocr Pract, 2020; 26: 714–721.

Berget C , Akturk HK , Messer LH , Vigers T , Pyle L , Snell-Bergeon J , et al. Real-world performance of hybrid closed loop in youth, young adults, adults and older adults with type 1 diabetes: Identifying a clinical target for hybrid closed-loop use. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2021; 23: 2048–2057.

Da Silva J , Bosi E , Jendle J , Arrieta A , Castaneda J , Grossman B , et al. Real-world performance of the MiniMed™ 670G system in Europe. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2021; 23: 1942–1949.

Breton MD , Kovatchev BP . One year real-world use of the Control-IQ advanced hybrid closed-loop technology. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2021 Apr 21. doi: 10.1089/dia.2021.0097. Online ahead of print.

Messer LH , Berget C , Pyle L , Vigers T , Cobry E , Driscoll KA , et al. Real-world use of a new hybrid closed loop improves glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2021 Jun 21. doi: 10.1089/dia.2021.0165. Online ahead of print.

Lum JW , Bailey RJ , Barnes-Lomen V , Naranjo D , Hood KK , Lal RA , et al. A real-world prospective study of the safety and effectiveness of the loop open source automated insulin delivery system. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2021; 23: 367–375.

Akturk HK , Agarwal S , Hoffecker L , Shah VN . Inequity in racial-ethnic representation in randomized controlled trials of diabetes technologies in type 1 diabetes: Critical need for new standards. Diabetes Care, 2021; 44: e121–e123.

Agarwal S , Schechter C , Gonzalez J , Long JA . Racial-ethnic disparities in diabetes technology use among young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2021; 23: 306–613.

Lipman TH , Willi SM , Lai CW , Smith JA , Patil O , Hawkes CP . Insulin pump use in children with type 1 diabetes: Over a decade of disparities. J Pediatr Nurs, 2020; 55: 110–115.

Lai CW , Lipman TH , Willi SM , Hawkes CP . Racial and ethnic disparities in rates of continuous glucose monitor initiation and continued use in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2021; 44: 255–257.

Addala A , Auzanneau M , Miller K , Maier W , Foster N , Kapellen T , et al. A decade of disparities in diabetes technology use and HbA. Diabetes Care, 2021; 44: 133–140.

Auzanneau M , Rosenbauer J , Maier W , von Sengbusch S , Hamann J , Kapellen T , et al. Heterogeneity of access to diabetes technology depending on area deprivation and demographics between 2016 and 2019 in Germany. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021 Jul 12:19322968211028608. doi: 10.1177/19322968211028608. Online ahead of print.

Lebano A , Hamed S , Bradby H , Gil-Salmerón A , Durá-Ferrandis E , Garcés-Ferrer J , et al. Migrants' and refugees' health status and healthcare in Europe: A scoping literature review. BMC Public Health, 2020; 20: 1039.

World Health Organization. Health of refugees and migrants: Regional situational analysis, practices, experiences, lessons learned and ways forward. WHO European Region. 2018.

Addala A , Hanes S , Naranjo D , Maahs DM , Hood KK . Provider implicit bias impacts pediatric type 1 diabetes technology recommendations in the United States: Findings from The Gatekeeper Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021 Apr 15:19322968211006476. doi: 10.1177/19322968211006476. Online ahead of print.

Gajewska KA , Biesma R , Bennett K , Sreenan S . Barriers and facilitators to accessing insulin pump therapy by adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A qualitative study. Acta Diabetol, 2021; 58: 93–105.

Walker AF , Hood KK , Gurka MJ , Filipp SL , Anez-Zabala C , Cuttriss N , et al. Barriers to technology use and endocrinology care for underserved communities with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2021; 44: 1480–1490.

Agarwal S , Crespo-Ramos G , Long JA , Miller VA . “I didn't really have a choice”: Qualitative analysis of racial-ethnic disparities in diabetes technology use among young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2021 Mar 24. doi: 10.1089/dia.2021.0075. Online ahead of print.