A Feasibility Study of Paired Continuous Glucose Monitoring Intrapartum and in the Newborn in Pregnancies Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Aim:

To describe the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) profiles of type 1 diabetes (T1D) offspring in the early neonatal period and its association with maternal intrapartum glucose control.

Methods:

A prospective observational study of T1D pregnant women and their neonatal offspring. Women had a CGM sensor inserted 2–3 days before delivery. Infants had a masked CGM sensor inserted as soon as possible after delivery. Maternal glycemic outcomes were time-in-target (70–140 mg/dL [3.9–7.8 mmol/L]), hyperglycemia >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), and mean CGM glucose during the 24 h preceding delivery. Neonatal outcomes included lowest recorded blood glucose concentration, and CGM measures (glucose <47 mg/dL [2.6 mmol/L], time-in-target (47–144 mg/dL [2.6–8.0 mmol/L]), glucose standard deviation [SD]) during the first 72 h of life.

Results:

Data were available for 16 mother–infant pairs. Mothers had a mean age (SD) 32.3 (4.3) years, T1D duration 17.6 (6.8) years, first antenatal glycated hemoglobin 7.4 (0.8)% (57 [8.5] mmol/mol). In the 24 h preceding delivery, mothers spent mean (SD) 72 (20)% time-in-target (70–140 mg/dL [3.9–7.8 mmol/L]), 19 (15)% time >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), and 9 (9)% time <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) with mean (SD) CGM glucose 113 (9) mg/dL (6.3 [0.7] mmol/L). Fifteen infants (93.8%) had ≥1 blood glucose concentration <47 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), and five had ≥1 blood glucose concentration <18 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L). The mean infant CGM glucose on days 1, 2, and 3 of life was 63 (14), 67 (13), 76 (11) mg/dL (3.5 [0.8], 3.7 [0.7], and 4.2 [0.6] mmol/L). Four infants (25%) spent >50% time with CGM glucose levels <47 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) on day 1.

Conclusions:

CGM detected widespread neonatal hypoglycemia, even among mothers with good intrapartum glucose control.