Effective Postprandial Glucose Management in Pregnancy with Type 1 Diabetes

Keely E , Barbour L : Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. 2014. www.endotext.org/chapter/diabetes-treatment-strategies/management-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy Accessed March 28, 2016 .

Crowther CA , Hiller JE , Moss JR , et al.: Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med, 2005; 352:2477–2486.

Catalano PM , McIntyre HD , Cruickshank JK , et al.: The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care, 2012; 35:780–786.

Jensen DM , Damm P , Moelsted-Pedersen L , et al.: Outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a nationwide, population-based study. Diabetes Care, 2004; 27:2819–2823.

Evers IM , de Valk HW , Visser GH : Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. BMJ, 2004; 328:915.

Macintosh MC , Fleming KM , Bailey JA , et al.: Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: population based study. BMJ, 2006; 333:177.

American Diabetes Association: 12. Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes Care, 2016; 39 Suppl 1:S94–S98.

Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics: Practice Bulletin No. 137: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol, 2013; 122(2 Pt 1):406–416.

Mathiesen ER , Kinsley B , Amiel SA , et al.: Maternal glycemic control and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic pregnancy: a randomized trial of insulin aspart versus human insulin in 322 pregnant women. Diabetes Care, 2007; 30:771–776.

Hod M , Damm P , Kaaja R , et al.: Fetal and perinatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a randomized study comparing insulin aspart with human insulin in 322 subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2008; 198:186 e181–e187.

Lv S , Wang J , Xu Y : Safety of insulin analogs during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2015; 292:749–756.

Mukhopadhyay A , Farrell T , Fraser RB , Ola B : Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007; 197:447–456.

Lapolla A , Dalfra MG , Masin M , et al.: Analysis of outcome of pregnancy in type 1 diabetics treated with insulin pump or conventional insulin therapy. Acta Diabetol, 2003; 40:143–149.

Cordua S , Secher AL , Ringholm L , et al.: Real-time continuous glucose monitoring during labour and delivery in women with type 1 diabetes—observations from a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med, 2013; 30:1374–1381.

Secher AL , Ringholm L , Andersen HU , et al.: The effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36:1877–1883.

Petrovski G , Dimitrovski C , Bogoev M , et al.: Is there a difference in pregnancy and glycemic outcome in patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump with constant or intermittent glucose monitoring? A pilot study. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2011; 13:1109–1113.

Murphy HR , Kumareswaran K , Elleri D , et al.: Safety and efficacy of 24-h closed-loop insulin delivery in well-controlled pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover case series. Diabetes Care, 2011; 34:2527–2529.

Polsky S , Giordano D , Voelmle MK , et al.: Using technology to advance type 1 diabetes care among women during the reproductive years and in pregnancy. Postgrad Med, 2016:1–9.

de Veciana M , Major CA , Morgan MA , et al.: Postprandial versus preprandial blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy. N Engl J Med, 1995; 333:1237–1241.

Maresh MJ , Holmes VA , Patterson CC , et al.: Glycemic targets in the second and third trimester of pregnancy for women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2015; 38:34–42.

Bongiovanni M , Fresa R , Visalli N , et al.: A study of the carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio in pregnant women with type1 diabetes on pump treatment. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2016; 18:360–365.

King JC , Butte NF , Chez RA , et al.: Summary. In: Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I Weight Gain: Part II Nutrient Supplements. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1990:9–12.

Roeder HA , Moore TR , Ramos GA : Insulin pump dosing across gestation in women with well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2012; 207:324 e321–e325.

Murphy HR , Elleri D , Allen JM , et al.: Pathophysiology of postprandial hyperglycaemia in women with type 1 diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetologia, 2012; 55:282–293.

Goudie RJ , Lunn D , Hovorka R , Murphy HR. : Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: every day is different. Diabetes Care, 2014; 37:e121–e122.