Hypoglycemia-Induced Decrease of EEG Coherence in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Background:

Hypoglycemic events in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are associated with measurable electroencephalography (EEG) changes. Previous studies have, however, evaluated these changes on a single EEG channel level, whereas multivariate analysis of several EEG channels has been scarcely investigated. The aim of the present work is to use a coherence approach to quantitatively assess how hypoglycemia affects mutual connectivity of different brain areas.

Materials and Methods:

EEG multichannel data were obtained from 19 patients with T1D (58% males; mean age, 55 ± 2.4 years; diabetes duration, 28.5 ± 2.6 years; glycated hemoglobin, 8.0 ± 0.2%) who underwent a hyperinsulinemic–hypoglycemic clamp study. The information partial directed coherence (iPDC) function was computed through multivariate autoregressive models during eu- and hypoglycemia in the theta and alpha bands.

Results:

In passing from eu- to hypoglycemia, absolute values of the iPDC function tend to decrease in both bands in all combinations of the considered channels. In particular, the scalar indicator \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{pifont}\usepackage{stmaryrd}\usepackage{textcomp}\usepackage{portland, xspace}\usepackage{amsmath, amsxtra}\pagestyle{empty}\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}\begin{document}$$\overline{\overline{\iota PDC}}$$ \end{document} , which summarizes iPDC information, significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in 17 of 19 subjects: from T5-A1A2 to C3-A1A2 from O1-A1A2 to C4-A1A2 and from O2-A1A2 to Cz-A1A2 in the theta band and from O1-A1A2 to T4-A1A2 and from O1-A1A2 to C4-A1A2 in the alpha band.

Conclusions:

The coherence decrease measured by iPDC in passing from eu- to hypoglycemia is likely related to the progressive loss of cognitive function and altered cerebral activity in hypoglycemia. This result encourages further quantitative investigation of EEG changes in hypoglycemia and of how EEG acquisition and real-time processing can support hypoglycemia alert systems.