WahrenJ, FeligP, AhlborgG, JorfeldtL: Glucose metabolism during leg exercise in man. J Clin Invest, 1971; 50:2715–2725.
2.
FeligP, WahrenJ: Fuel homeostasis in exercise. N Engl J Med, 1975; 293:1078–1084.
3.
WassermanDH, WilliamsPE, LacyDB, GreenDR, CherringtonAD: Importance of intrahepatic mechanisms to gluconeogenesis from alanine during exercise and recovery. Am J Physiol, 1988; 254:E518–E525.
4.
CogganAR, SwansonSC, MendenhallLA, HabashDL, KienCL: Effect of endurance training on hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during prolonged exercise in men. Am J Physiol, 1995; 268:E375–E383.
5.
WolfeRR, NadelER, ShawJH, StephensonLA, WolfeMH: Role of changes in insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis in exercise. J Clin Invest, 1986; 77:900–907.
6.
AndersenP, SaltinB: Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J Physiol, 1985; 366:233–249.
7.
NesherR, KarlIE, KipnisDM: Dissociation of effects of insulin and contraction on glucose transport in rat epitrochlearis muscle. Am J Physiol, 1985; 249:C226–C232.
8.
YehJI, GulveEA, RamehL, BirnbaumMJ: The effects of wortmannin on rat skeletal muscle. Dissociation of signaling pathways for insulin- and contraction-activated hexose transport. J Biol Chem, 1995; 270:2107–2111.
9.
LeeAD, HansenPA, HolloszyJO: Wortmannin inhibits insulin-stimulated but not contraction-stimulated glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett, 1995; 361:51–54.
10.
LundS, HolmanGD, SchmitzO, PedersenO: Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1995; 92:5817–5821.
11.
WassermanDH, JohnsonJL, BuppJL, LacyDB, BracyDP: Regulation of gluconeogenesis during rest and exercise in the depancreatized dog. Am J Physiol, 1993; 265:E51–E60.
12.
WassermanDH, MohrT, KellyP, LacyDB, BracyD: Impact of insulin deficiency on glucose fluxes and muscle glucose metabolism during exercise. Diabetes, 1992; 41:1229–1238.
13.
WassermanDH, WilliamsPE, LacyDB, GoldsteinRE, CherringtonAD: Exercise-induced fall in insulin and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during muscular work. Am J Physiol, 1989; 256:E500–E509.
14.
SchiavonM, HinshawL, MalladA, Dalla ManC, SparacinoG, JohnsonM, CarterR, BasuR, KudvaY, CobelliC, BasuA: Postprandial glucose fluxes and insulin sensitivity during exercise: a study in healthy individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2013; 305:E557–E566.
15.
FriedlanderAL, CasazzaGA, HorningMA, HuieMJ, BrooksGA: Training-induced alterations of glucose flux in men. J Appl Physiol, 1997; 82:1360–1369.
16.
FriedlanderAL, CasazzaGA, HorningMA, HuieMJ, PiacentiniMF, TrimmerJK, BrooksGA: Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men. J Appl Physiol, 1998; 85:1175–1186.
17.
PerseghinG, PriceTB, PetersenKF, RodenM, ClineGW, GerowK, RothmanDL, ShulmanGI: Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistant subjects. N Engl J Med, 1996; 335:1357–1362.
18.
HortonTJ, GrunwaldGK, LavelyJ, DonahooWT: Glucose kinetics differ between women and men, during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2006; 100:1883–1894.
19.
TarnopolskyLJ, MacDougallJD, AtkinsonSA, TarnopolskyMA, SuttonJR: Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1990; 68:302–308.
20.
FriedlanderAL, CasazzaGA, HorningMA, BuddingerTF, BrooksGA: Effects of exercise intensity and training on lipid metabolism in young women. Am J Physiol, 1998; 275:E853–E863.
21.
SuhSH, CasazzaGA, HorningMA, MillerBF, BrooksGA: Luteal and follicular glucose fluxes during rest and exercise in 3-h postabsorptive women. J Appl Physiol, 2002; 93:42–50.
22.
SuhSH, CasazzaGA, HorningMA, MillerBF, BrooksGA: Effects of oral contraceptives on glucose flux and substrate oxidation rates during rest and exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2003; 94:285–294.
23.
CasazzaGA, JacobsKA, SuhSH, MillerBF, HorningMA, BrooksGA: Menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive effects on triglyceride mobilization during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 2004; 97:302–309.
24.
DevriesMC, HamadehMJ, GrahamTE, TarnopolskyMA: 17β-Estradiol supplementation decreases glucose rate of appearance and disappearance with no effect on glycogen utilization during moderate intensity exercise in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005; 90:6218–6225. Erratum in J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:1217.
25.
RichterEA, GarettoLP, GoodmanMN, RudermanNB: Muscle glucose metabolism following exercise in the rat: increased sensitivity to insulin. J Clin Invest, 1982; 69:785–793.
26.
RichterEA, RudermanNB, GavrasH, BelurER, GalboH: Muscle glycogenolysis during exercise: dual control by epinephrine and contractions. Am J Physiol, 1982; 242:E25–E32.
27.
HolloszyJO, NaraharaHT: Studies of tissue permeability. X. Changes in permeability to 3-methylglucose associated with contraction of isolated frog muscle. J Biol Chem, 1965; 240:3493–3500.
28.
IvyJL, HolloszyJO: Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise. Am J Physiol, 1981; 241:C200–C203.
29.
GarettoLP, RichterEA, GoodmanMN, RudermanNB: Enhanced muscle glucose metabolism after exercise in the rat: the two phases. Am J Physiol, 1984; 246:E471–E475.
30.
RichterEA, GarettoLP, GoodmanMN, RudermanNB: Enhanced muscle glucose metabolism after exercise: modulation by local factors. Am J Physiol, 1984; 246:E476–E482.
31.
HolloszyJO, CoyleEF: Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol, 1984; 56:831–838.
32.
Wallberg-HenrikssonH, HolloszyJO: Activation of glucose transport in diabetic muscle: responses to contraction and insulin. Am J Physiol, 1985; 24:C233–C237.
33.
ConstableSH, FavierRJ, CarteeGD, YoungDA, HolloszyJO: Muscle glucose transport: interactions of in vitro contractions, insulin, and exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1988; 64:2329–2332.
34.
Wallberg-HenrikssonH, ConstableSH, YoungDA, HolloszyJO: Glucose transport into rat skeletal muscle: interaction between exercise and insulin. J Appl Physiol, 1988; 65:909–913.
35.
ZorzanoA, BalonTW, GoodmanMN, RudermanNB: Glycogen depletion and increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in muscle after exercise. Am J Physiol, 1986; 251:E664–E669.
36.
GulveEA, CarteeGD, ZierathJR, CorpusVM, HolloszyJO: Reversal of enhanced muscle glucose transport after exercise: roles of insulin and glucose. Am J Physiol, 1990; 259:E685–E691.
37.
GreiweJS, HicknerRC, HansenPA, RacetteSB, ChenMM, HolloszyJO: Effects of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen accumulation in humans. J Appl Physiol, 1999; 87:222–226.
38.
FriedmanJE, ShermanWM, ReedMJ, EltonCW, DohmGL: Exercise training increases glucose transporter protein GLUT-4 in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. FEBS Lett, 1990; 268:13–16.
39.
PlougT, StallknechtBM, PedersenO, KahnBB, OhkuwaT, VintenJ, GalboH: Effect of endurance training on glucose transport capacity and glucose transporter expression in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol, 1990; 259:E778–E786.
40.
RodnickKJ, HolloszyJO, MondonCE, JamesDE: Effects of exercise training on insulin-regulatable glucose-transporter protein levels in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 1990; 39:1425–1429.
41.
HostHH, HansenPA, NolteLA, ChenMM, HolloszyJO: Glycogen supercompensation masks the effect of a traininginduced increase in GLUT-4 on muscle glucose transport. J Appl Physiol, 1998; 85:133–138.
42.
RenJM, SemenkovichCF, GulveEA, GaoJ, HolloszyJO: Exercise induces rapid increases in GLUT4 expression, glucose transport capacity, and insulin-stimulated glycogen storage in muscle. J Biol Chem, 1994; 269:14396–14401.
43.
ShortKR, VittoneJL, BigelowML, ProctorDN, RizzaRA, Coenen-SchimkeJM, NairKS: Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity. Diabetes, 2003; 52:1888–1896.
44.
TreebakJT, TaylorEB, WitczakCA, AnD, ToyodaT, KohHJ, XieJ, FeenerEP, WojtaszewskiJF, HirshmanMF, GoodyearLJ: Identification of a novel phosphorylation site on TBC1D4 regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2010; 298:C377–C385.
45.
JessenN, AnD, LihnAS, NygrenJ, HirshmanMF, ThorellA, GoodyearLJ: Exercise increases TBC1D1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2011; 301:E164–E171.
46.
FunaiK, SchweitzerGG, SharmaN, KanzakiM, CarteeGD: Increased AS160 phosphorylation, but not TBC1D1 phosphorylation, with increased postexercise insulin sensitivity in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2009; 297:E242–E251.
47.
ProctorDN, ShenPH, DietzNM, EickhoffTJ, LawlerLA, EbersoldEJ, LoefflerDL, JoynerMJ: Reduced leg blood flow during dynamic exercise in older endurance-trained men. J Appl Physiol, 1998; 85:68–75.
48.
ZinkerBA, LacyDB, BracyDP, WassermanDH: Role of glucose and insulin loads to the exercising limb in increasing glucose uptake and metabolism. J Appl Physiol, 1993; 74:2915–2921.
49.
CoyleEF, HagbergJM, HurleyBF, MartinWH, EhsaniAA, HolloszyJO: Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1983; 55:230–235.
50.
FritzscheRG, SwitzerTW, HodgkinsonBJ, LeeSH, MartinJC, CoyleEF: Water and carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise increase maximal neuromuscular power. J Appl Physiol, 2000; 88:730–737.
51.
FebbraioMA, ChiuA, AngusDJ, ArkinstallMJ, HawleyJA: Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance. J Appl Physiol, 2000; 89:2220–2226.
52.
CoyleEF, HamiltonMT, AlonsoJG, MontainSJ, IvyJL: Carbohydrate metabolism during intense exercise when hyperglycemic. J Appl Physiol, 1991; 70:834–840.
53.
FaheyAJ, ParamalingamN, DaveyRJ, DavisEA, JonesTW, FournierPA: The effect of a short sprint on postexercise whole-body glucose production and utilization rates in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012; 97:4193–4200.
54.
EssenB, HagenfeldtL, KaijserL: Utilization of blood-borne and intramuscular substrates during continuous and intermittent exercise in man. J Physiol, 1977; 265:489–506.
55.
EssenB, KaijserL: Regulation of glycolysis in intermittent exercise in man. J Physiol, 1978; 281:499–511.
56.
ChristmassMA, DawsonB, ArthurPG: Effect of work and recovery duration on skeletal muscle oxygenation and fuel use during sustained intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1999; 80:436–447.
57.
ChristmassMA, DawsonB, PasserettoP, ArthurPG: A comparison of skeletal muscle oxygenation and fuel use in sustained continuous and intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1999; 80:423–435.
58.
MackenzieR, MaxwellN, CastleP, ElliottB, BrickleyG, WattP: Intermittent exercise with and without hypoxia improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012; 97:E546–E555.
59.
MaranA, PavanP, BonsembianteB, BruginE, ErmolaoA, AvogaroA, ZaccariaM: Continuous glucose monitoring reveals delayed nocturnal hypoglycemia after intermittent high-intensity exercise in nontrained patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2010; 12:763–768.
60.
RiddellMC, MillikenJ: Preventing exercise-induced hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring and a new carbohydrate intake algorithm: an observational field study. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2011; 13:819–825.
61.
YardleyJE, KennyGP, PerkinsBA, RiddellMC, MalcolmJ, BoulayP, KhandwalaF, SigalRJ: Effects of performing resistance exercise before versus after aerobic exercise on glycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2012; 35:669–675.
62.
YardleyJE, KennyGP, PerkinsBA, RiddellMC, BalaaN, MalcolmJ, BoulayP, KhandwalaF, SigalRJ: Resistance versus aerobic exercise: acute effects on glycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36:537–542.
63.
ChimenM, KennedyA, NirantharakumarK, PangTT, AndrewsR, NarendranP: What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia, 2012; 55:542–551.
64.
TonoliC, HeymanE, RoelandsB, BuyseL, CheungSS, BerthoinS, MeeusenR: Effects of different types of acute and chronic (training) exercise on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Sports Med, 2012; 42:1059–1080.
65.
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36(Suppl 1):S11–S66.
66.
HwangJH, PerseghinG, RothmanDL, ClineGW, MagnussonI, PetersenKF, ShulmanGI: Impaired net hepatic glycogen synthesis in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects during mixed meal ingestion. A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Clin Invest, 1995; 95:783–787.
67.
PetersenKF, PriceTB, BergeronR: Regulation of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during exercise: impact of type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004; 89:4656–4664.
68.
EnokssonS, CaprioSK, RifeF, ShulmanGI, TamborlaneWV, SherwinRS: Defective activation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue lipolysis in type 1 diabetes mellitus during hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003; 88:1503–1511.
69.
YardleyJE, IscoeKE, SigalRJ, KennyGP, PerkinsBA, RiddellMC: Insulin pump therapy is associated with less post-exercise hyperglycemia than multiple daily injections: an observational study of physically active type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2013; 15:84–88.
70.
ElleriD, AllenJM, KumareswaranK, LeelarathnaL, NodaleM, CaldwellK, ChengP, KollmanC, HaidarA, MurphyHR, WilinskaME, AceriniCL, DungerDB, HovorkaR: Closed-loop basal insulin delivery over 36 hours in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36:838–844.
71.
BretonM, FarretA, BruttomessoD, AndersonS, MagniL, PatekS, Dalla ManC, PlaceJ, DemartiniS, Del FaveroS, ToffaninC, Hughes-KarvetskiC, DassauE, ZisserH, DoyleFJ3rd, De NicolaoG, AvogaroA, CobelliC, RenardE, KovatchevB; International Artificial Pancreas Study Group: Fully integrated artificial pancreas in type 1 diabetes: modular closed-loop glucose control maintains near normoglycemia. Diabetes, 2012; 61:2230–2237.
72.
RussellSJ, El-KhatibFH, NathanDM, MagyarKL, JiangJ, DamianoER: Blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes with a bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Care, 2012; 35:2148–2155.
73.
BouléNG, WeisnagelSJ, LakkaTA, TremblayA, BergmanRN, RankinenT, LeonAS, SkinnerJS, WilmoreJH, RaoDC, BouchardC; HERITAGE Family Study: Effects of exercise training on glucose homeostasis: the HERITAGE Family Study. Diabetes Care, 2005; 28:108–114.
74.
OlsenRH, Krogh-MadsenR, ThomsenC, BoothFW, PedersenBK: Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men. JAMA, 2008; 299:1261–1263.
75.
van BonAC, VerbitskiyE, von BasumG, HoekstraJB, DeVriesJH: Exercise in closed-loop control: a major hurdle. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2011; 5:1337–1341.
76.
HinshawL, ManCD, NandyDK, SaadA, BharuchaAE, LevineJA, RizzaRA, BasuR, CarterRE, CobelliC, KudvaYC, BasuA: Diurnal pattern of insulin action in type 1 diabetes: implications for a closed loop system. Diabetes, 2013; 62:2223–2229.