Cardiovascular Disease and the Use of Insulin

Inzucchi SE , Bergenstal RM , Buse JB , Diamant M , Ferrannini E , Nauck M , Peters AL , Tsapas A , Wender R , Matthews DR . American Diabetes Association (ADA); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Diabetes Care, 2012; 35:1364–1379.

Kramer CK , Zinman B , Retnakaran R . Short-term intensive insulin therapy and its impact on type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2013; 1:28–34.

ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Gerstein HC , Bosch J , Dagenais GR , Díaz R , Jung H , Maggioni AP , Pogue J , Probstfield J , Ramachandran A , Riddle MC , Rydén LE , Yusuf S . Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med, 2012; 367:319–328.

Welborn TA , Wearne K . Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care, 1979; 2:154–160.

Pyörälä M , Miettinen H , Laakso M , Pyörälä K . Plasma insulin and all-cause, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality: the 22-year follow-up results of the Helsinki Policemen Study. Diabetes Care, 2000; 23:1097–1102.

Ruige JB , Assendelft WJ , Dekker JM , Kostense PJ , Heine RJ , Bouter LM . Insulin and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation, 1998; 97:996–1001.

Tessari P , Cecchet D , Artusi C , Vettore M , Millioni R , Plebani M , Puricelli L , Vedovato M . Roles of insulin, age, and asymmetric dimethylarginine, on nitric oxide synthesis in vivo. Diabetes, 2013; 62:2699–2670.

Scherrer U , Randin D , Vollenweider P , Vollenweider L , Nicod P . Nitric oxide release accounts for insulin's vascular effects in humans. J Clin Invest, 1994; 94:2511–2515.

Rajapakse NW , Chong AL , Zhang WZ , Kaye DM . Insulin-mediated activation of the l-arginine nitric oxide pathway in man, and its impairment in diabetes. PLoS One, 2013; 8:e61840.

Chaudhuri A , Dandona P , Fonseca V . Cardiovascular benefits of exogenous insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012; 97:3079–3091.

Ferri C , Carlomagno A , Coassin S , Baldoncini R , Cassone Faldetta MR , Laurenti O , Properzi G , Santucci A , De Mattia G . Circulating endothelin-1 levels increase during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in lean NIDDM men. Diabetes Care, 1995; 18:226–233.

Wolpert HA , Steen SN , Istfan NW , Simonson DC . Insulin modulates circulating endothelin-1 levels in humans. Metabolism, 1993; 42:1027–1030.

Hsueh WA , Law RE . Insulin signaling in the arterial wall. Am J Cardiol, 1999; 84:21J–24J.

Rensing KL , von der Thüsen JH , Weijers EM , Houttuijn Bloemendaal FM , van Lammeren GW , Vink A , van der Wal AC , van Hinsbergh VW , van der Loos CM , Stroes ES , Koolwijk P , Twickler TB . Endothelial insulin receptor expression in human atherosclerotic plaques: linking micro- and macrovascular disease in diabetes? Atherosclerosis, 2012; 222:208–215.

Nathan DM , Cleary PA , Backlund JY , Genuth SM , Lachin JM , Orchard TJ , Raskin P , Zinman B . Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2005; 353:2643–2653.

Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet, 1998; 352:837–853.

Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Gerstein HC , Miller ME , Byington RP , Goff DC Jr , Bigger JT , Buse JB , Cushman WC , Genuth S , Ismail-Beigi F , Grimm RH Jr , Probstfield JL , Simons-Morton DG , Friedewald WT . Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2008; 358:2545–2559.

Duckworth W , Abraira C , Moritz T , Reda D , Emanuele N , Reaven PD , Zieve FJ , Marks J , Davis SN , Hayward R , Warren SR , Goldman S , McCarren M , Vitek ME , Henderson WG , Huang GD . VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2009; 360:129–139Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2009;361:1024–1025, 1028.

Malmberg K , Rydén L , Efendic S , Herlitz J , Nicol P , Waldenström A , Wedel H , Welin L . Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1995; 26:57–65.

Malmberg K , Rydén L , Wedel H , Birkeland K , Bootsma A , Dickstein K , Efendic S , Fisher M , Hamsten A , Herlitz J , Hildebrandt P , MacLeod K , Laakso M , Torp-Pedersen C , Waldenström A . DIGAMI 2 Investigators: Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J, 2005; 26:650–661.

Cheung NW , Wong VW , McLean M . The Hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care, 2006; 29:765–770.

Kansagara D , Fu R , Freeman M , Wolf F , Helfand M . Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 2011; 154:268–282.

The DCCT Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol, 1995; 75:894–903.