Virtual Worlds versus Real Body: Virtual Reality Meets Eating and Weight Disorders

Wade TD , Keski-Rahkonen A , Hudson J . (2011) Epidemiology of eating disorders. In Tsuang M , Tohen M , eds. Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, pp. 343–360.

Fairburn CG , Harrison PJ . Eating disorders. The Lancet, 2003; 361:407–416.

Kaye WH , Fudge JL , Paulus M . New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2009; 10:573–584.

Haines J , Neumark-Sztainer D . Prevention of obesity and eating disorders: a consideration of shared risk factors. Health Education Research, 2006; 21:770–782.

Neumark-Sztainer D , Wall M , Guo J , et al. Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later?. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2006; 106:559–568.

Neumark-Sztainer D . Preventing obesity and eating disorders in adolescents: what can health care providers do?. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2009; 44:206–213.

Johnston JM . Eating disorders and childhood obesity: who are the real gluttons?. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2004; 171:1459–1460.

Stice E , Presnell K , Shaw H , et al. Psychological and behavioral risk factors for obesity onset in adolescent girls: a prospective study. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 2005; 73:195–202.

Stice E , Davis K , Miller NP , et al. Fasting increases risk for onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology: a 5-year prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2008; 117:941–946.

Sominsky L , Spencer SJ . Eating behavior and stress: a pathway to obesity. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014; 5:434.

Torres SJ , Nowson CA . Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition, 2007; 23:887–894.

Riva G . Virtual reality: an experiential tool for clinical psychology. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 2009; 37:337–345.

Riva G , Botella C , Baños R , et al. (2015) Presence-inducing media for mental health applications. In Lombard M , Biocca F , Freeman J , Ijsselsteijn W , Schaevitz RJ , eds. Immersed in media. New York: Springer, pp. 283–332.

Riva G , Molinari E , Vincelli F . Interaction and presence in the clinical relationship: virtual reality (VR) as communicative medium between patient and therapist. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 2002; 6:198–205.

Riva G , Wiederhold BK . The new dawn of virtual reality in health care: medical simulation and experiential interface. Annual Review of CyberTherapy & Telemedicine, 2015; 13:3–6.

Botella C , Quero S , Banos RM , et al. Virtual reality and psychotherapy. Studies in Health Technology & Informatics, 2004; 99:37–54.

Wiederhold BK , Riva G . Positive change: connecting the virtual and the real. Annual Review of CyberTherapy & Telemedicine, 2014; 12.

Gamberini L , Orso V , Beretta A , et al. Evaluating user experience of augmented reality eyeglasses. Annual Review of CyberTherapy & Telemedicine, 2015; 13:28–32.

Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutierrez-Maldonado J . The use of virtual reality in the study, assessment, and treatment of body image in eating disorders and nonclinical samples: a review of the literature. Body Image, 2012; 9:1–11.

Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutiérrez-Maldonado J , Riva G . Virtual reality based treatments in eating disorders and obesity: a review. Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 2013; 43:207–221.

Riva G , Gaudio S , Dakanalis A . The neuropsychology of self objectification. European Psychologist, 2015; 20:34–43.

Riva G . (2015) Embodied medicine: what human–computer confluence can offer to health care. In Gaggioli A , Ferscha A , Riva G , Dunne S , Viaud-Delmon I , eds. Human computer confluence: transforming human experience through symbiotic technologies. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, pp. 55–79.

Riva G . Out of my real body: cognitive neuroscience meets eating disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2014; 8:236.

Wiederhold BK , Riva G , Gutiérrez-Maldonado J . Virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of weight-related disorders. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:67–73.

Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutierrez-Maldonado J , Caqueo-Urizar A , et al. The validity of virtual environments for eliciting emotional responses in patients with eating disorders and in controls. Behavior Modification, 2009; 33:830–854.

Pla-Sanjuanelo J , Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutierrez-Maldonado J , et al. Identifying specific cues and contexts related to bingeing behavior for the development of effective virtual environments. Appetite, 2015; 87:81–89.

Gorini A , Griez E , Petrova A , et al. Assessment of the emotional responses produced by exposure to real food, virtual food and photographs of food in patients affected by eating disorders. Annals of General Psychiatry, 2010; 9:30.

Riva G . Virtual reality in psychological assessment: the Body Image Virtual Reality Scale. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1998; 1:37–44.

Manzoni GM , Pagnini F , Gorini A , et al. Can relaxation training reduce emotional eating in women with obesity? An exploratory study with 3 months of follow-up. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2009; 109:1427–1432.

Marco JH , Perpina C , Botella C . Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy supported by virtual reality in the treatment of body image in eating disorders: one year follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 2013; 209:619–625.

Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutierrez-Maldonado J , Pla J , et al. Development of a VR application for binge eating treatment: identification of contexts and cues related to bingeing behavior in Spanish Italian patients. Studies in Health Technology & Informatics, 2014; 199:71–75.

Cesa GL , Manzoni GM , Bacchetta M , et al. Virtual reality for enhancing the cognitive behavioral treatment of obesity with binge eating disorder: randomized controlled study with one-year follow-up. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2013; 15:e113.

Behm-Morawitz E , Lewallen J , Choi G . A second chance at health: how a 3D virtual world can improve health self-efficacy for weight loss management among adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:74–79.

Kuo H-C , Lee C-C , Chiou W-B . The power of the virtual ideal self in weight control: weight-reduced avatars can enhance the tendency to delay gratification and regulate dietary practices. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:80–85.

Fox J , Bailenson JN , Tricase L . The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: the Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars. Computers in Human Behavior, 2013; 29:930–938.

Yee N , Bailenson JN , Ducheneaut N . The Proteus effect implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior. Communication Research, 2009; 36:285–312.

Yee N , Bailenson J . The Proteus effect: the effect of transformed self-representation on behavior. Human Communication Research, 2007; 33:271–290.

Fox J , Bailenson JN . Virtual self-modeling: the effects of vicarious reinforcement and identification on exercise behaviors. Media Psychology, 2009; 12:1–25.

Ahn SJ , Johnsen K , Moore J , et al. Using virtual pets to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in children: a technology-assisted social cognitive theory approach. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:86–92.

Mountford VA , Tchanturia K , Valmaggia L . “What are you thinking when you look at me?”a pilot study of the use of virtual reality in body image. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:93–99.

Tremblay L , Roy-Vaillancourt M , Chebbi B , et al. Body image and anti-fat attitudes: an experimental study using a haptic virtual reality environment to replicate human touch. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:100–106.

Pallavicini F , Serino S , Cipresso P , et al. Testing augmented reality for cue exposure in obese patients: an exploratory study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:107–114.

Baños RM , Escobar P , Cebolla A , et al. Using virtual reality to distract overweight children from bodily sensations during exercise. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:115–119.

Schroeder PA , Lohmann J , Butz MV , et al. Behavioral bias for food reflected in hand movements: a preliminary study with healthy subjects. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:120–126.

Serino S , Keizer A , Triberti S , et al. Virtual reality body-swapping: a tool for modifying the allocentric memory of the body. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:127–133.

Preston C , Ehrsson HH . Illusory changes in body size modulate body satisfaction in a way that is related to non-clinical eating disorder psychopathology. PLOS ONE, 2014; 9.

Slater M , Spanlang B , Sanchez-Vives MV , et al. First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PLoS ONE, 2010; 5:e10564.

Normand JM , Giannopoulos E , Spanlang B , et al. Multisensory stimulation can induce an illusion of larger belly size in immersive virtual reality. PLoS ONE, 2011; 6.

Manzoni GM , Cesa GL , Bacchetta M , et al. Virtual reality-enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for morbid obesity: a randomized controlled study with 1 year follow-up. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:134–140.

Riva G . The key to unlocking the virtual body: virtual reality in the treatment of obesity and eating disorders. Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology, 2011; 5:283–292.

Serino S , Mestre D , Mallet P , et al. Being present in space: the role of allocentric and egocentric reference frames. Annual Review of CyberTherapy & Telemedicine, 2015; 13:64–68.

Gutiérrez-Maldonado J , Wiederhold BK , Riva G . Future directions: how virtual reality can further improve the assessment and treatment of eating disorders and obesity. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 2016; 19:148–153.

Pla-Sanjuanelo J , Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutiérrez-Maldonado J , et al. Trait and state craving as indicators of validity of VR-based software for binge eating treatment. Annual Review of CyberTherapy & Telemedicine, 2015; 13:141–146.

Ferrer-Garcia M , Gutiérrez-Maldonado J , Pla-Sanjuanelo J , et al. External eating as a predictor of cue-reactivity to food-related virtual environments. Annual Review of CyberTherapy & Telemedicine, 2015; 13:117–122.