89 Zr-Labeled Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Fragment for Evaluating In Vivo PD-L1 Levels in Melanoma Mouse Model

Abstract

The rise of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been one of the most promising developments in melanoma research. However, not all the melanoma patients respond to such immune checkpoint blockade. There is a great need of biomarkers for appropriate melanoma patient selection and therapeutic efficacy monitoring. The objective of this study is to develop a novel radiolabeled anti-PD-L1 antibody fragment, as an imaging biomarker, for evaluating the in vivo PD-L1 levels in melanoma. The Df-conjugated F(ab’)₂ fragment of the anti-mouse PD-L1 antibody was successfully synthesized and radiolabeled with ⁸⁹Zr. Both Df-F(ab’)₂ and ⁸⁹Zr-Df-F(ab’)₂ maintained the nano-molar murine PD-L1 targeting specificity and affinity. ⁸⁹Zr-Df-F(ab’)₂ showed less uptake in normal liver tissue in mice compared with its full antibody counterpart ⁸⁹Zr-Df-anti-PD-L1. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography images clearly showed that ⁸⁹Zr-Df-F(ab’)₂ possessed superior pharmacokinetics and imaging contrast over the radiolabeled full antibody, with much earlier and higher tumor uptake (5.5 times more at 2 h post injection) and much lower liver background (51% reduction at 2 h post injection). The specific and high murine PD-L1-targeting uptake at tumor foci coupled with fast clearance of ⁸⁹Zr-Df-F(ab’)₂ highlighted its potential for in vivo PET imaging of murine PD-L1 levels and future development of radiolabeled anti-human PD-L1 fragment for potential application in melanoma patients.