BoboWV, PathakJ, KremersHM, et al.An electronic health record driven algorithm to identify incident antidepressant medication users. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 2014; 21(5):785–791; doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002699
2.
BushnellGA, CrystalS, OlfsonM. Trends in antipsychotic medication use in young privately insured children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2021; 60(7):877–886; doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.09.023
3.
CaroffSN, MannSC. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Med Clin North Am, 1993; 77(1):185–202.
4.
CorrellCU, PenznerJB, ParikhUH, et al.Recognizing and monitoring adverse events of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 2006; 15(1):177–206; doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2005.08.007
5.
CrystalS, AkincigilA, BilderS, et al.Studying prescription drug use and outcomes with Medicaid claims data: Strengths, limitations, and strategies. Med Care, 2007; 45(10 Supl 2):S58–S65; doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31805371bf
6.
DavissWB, BarnettE, NeubacherK, et al.Use of antipsychotic medications for nonpsychotic children: Risks and implications for mental health services. Psychiatr Serv, 2016; 67(3):339–341; doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201500272
7.
DelayJ, PichotP, LempiereT, et al.Un neuroleptique majeur non phenothiazinique et non reserpinique, l’haloperidol, dans le traitement des psychoses. Ann Med Psychol (Paris), 1960; 118(1):145–152.
8.
DosreisS, YoonY, RubinDM, et al.Antipsychotic treatment among youth in foster care. Pediatrics, 2011; 128(6):e1459–e1466; doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2970
9.
GersonR, MalasN, FeuerV, et al.Best practices for evaluation and treatment of agitated children and adolescents (BETA) in the emergency department: Consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry. West J Emerg Med, 2019; 20(2):409–418; doi: 10.5811/westjem.2019.1.41344
10.
GurreraRJ, SimpsonJC, TsuangMT. Meta-analytic evidence of systematic bias in estimates of neuroleptic malignant syndrome incidence. Compr Psychiatry, 2007; 48(2):205–211; doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.004
11.
HalfdanarsonO, ZoegaH, AagaardL, et al.International trends in antipsychotic use: A study in 16 countries, 2005-2014. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2017; 27(10):1064–1076; doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.07.001
12.
KaneJM, CorrellCU, DelvaN, et al.Low incidence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with paliperidone palmitate long-acting injectable: A Database Report and Case Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2019; 39(2):180–182; doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001019
13.
LaoKSJ, ZhaoJ, BlaisJE, et al.Antipsychotics and risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A Population-Based Cohort and Case-Crossover Study. CNS Drugs, 2020; 34(11):1165–1175; doi: 10.1007/s40263-020-00767-9
14.
LibowitzMR, NurmiEL. The burden of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic syndrome in children. Front Psychiatry, 2021; 12:623681; doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623681
15.
ModiS, DharaiyaD, SchultzL, et al.Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Complications, outcomes, and mortality. Neurocrit Care, 2016; 24(1):97–103; doi: 10.1007/s12028-015-0162-5
16.
MooreS, AmatyaDN, ChuMM, et al.Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: A state-of-the-art review. NPJ Mental Health Res, 2022; 1(1):12; doi: 10.1038/s44184-022-00012-9
17.
MurriMB, GuaglianoneA, BuglianiM, et al.Second-generation antipsychotics and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Systematic review and case report analysis. Drugs R D, 2015; 15(1):45–62; doi: 10.1007/s40268-014-0078-0
18.
NeuhutR, LindenmayerJ-P, SilvaR. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents on atypical antipsychotic medication: A review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2009; 19(4):415–422; doi: 10.1089/cap.2008.0130
OlfsonM, BlancoC, LiuL, et al.National trends in the outpatient treatment of children and adolescents with antipsychotic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006; 63(6):679–685; doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.679
21.
OlfsonM, BlancoC, LiuS-M, et al.National trends in the office-based treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2012; 69(12):1247–1256; doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.647
22.
OruchR, PrymeIF, EngelsenBA, et al.Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: An easily overlooked neurologic emergency. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017; 13:161–175; doi: 10.2147/NDT.S118438
23.
ParkSY, CervesiC, GallingB, et al.Antipsychotic use trends in youth with autism spectrum disorder and/or intellectual disability: A meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2016; 55(6):456–468; doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.012
RadojcicMR, PierceM, HopeH, et al.Trends in antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in England: Cohort study using 2000-19 primary care data. Lancet Psychiatry, 2023; 10(2):119–128; doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00404-7
26.
RayWA, FuchsDC, OlfsonM, et al.Antipsychotic medications and mortality in children and young adults. JAMA Psychiatry, 2024b;81(3):260–269; doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4573
27.
RayWA, FuchsDC, OlfsonM, et al.Incidence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome during antipsychotic treatment in children and youth: A National Cohort Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2024a (In Press)
28.
SaldanaSN, KeeshinBR, WehryAM, et al.Antipsychotic polypharmacy in children and adolescents at discharge from psychiatric hospitalization. Pharmacotherapy, 2014; 34(8):836–844; doi: 10.1002/phar.1453
29.
SchneiderC, TaylorD, ZalsmanG, et al.Antipsychotics use in children and adolescents: An on-going challenge in clinical practice. J Psychopharmacol, 2014; 28(7):615–623; doi: 10.1177/0269881114533599
30.
ShafiqS, PringsheimT. Using antipsychotics for behavioral problems in children. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2018; 19(13):1475–1488; doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1509069
31.
SilvaRR, MunozDM, AlpertM, et al.Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1999; 38(2):187–194; doi: 10.1097/00004583-199902000-00018
32.
SpencerD, MarshallJ, PostB, et al.Psychotropic medication use and polypharmacy in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 2013; 132(5):833–840; doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3774
33.
SteinhausenH-C, BisgaardC. Nationwide time trends in dispensed prescriptions of psychotropic medication for children and adolescents in Denmark. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2014; 129(3):221–231; doi: 10.1111/acps.12155
StubnerS, RustenbeckE, GrohmannR, et al.Severe and uncommon involuntary movement disorders due to psychotropic drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2004; 37(Suppl 1):S54–S64; doi: 10.1055/s-2004-815511
36.
ViejoLF, MoralesV, PunalP, et al.Risk factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A case-control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2003; 107(1):45–49; doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.02385.x
37.
WettermarkB. The intriguing future of pharmacoepidemiology. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013; 69(Suppl 1):43–51; doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1496-6
38.
WhiteDA, RobinsAH. Catatonia: Harbinger of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Br J Psychiatry, 1991; 158(3):419–421.
39.
ZitoJM, BurcuM, McKeanS, et al.Pediatric use of antipsychotic medications before and after Medicaid peer review implementation. JAMA Psychiatry, 2018; 75(1):100–103; doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3493
40.
ZuddasA, ZanniR, UsalaT. Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs) for non-psychotic disorders in children and adolescents: A review of the randomized controlled studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2011; 21(8):600–620; doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.001
