PANDAS and Comorbid Kleine–Levin Syndrome

Allen AJ , Leonard HL , Swedo SE : Case study: A new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 34:307–311, 1995.

Amat JA , Bronen RA , Saluja S , Sato N , Zhu H , Gorman DA , Royal J , Peterson BS : Increased number of subcortical hyperintensities on MRI in children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 163:1106–1108, 2006.

Arnulf I , Lin L , Gadoth N , File J , Lecendreux M , Franco P , Zeitzer J , Lo B , Faraco JH , Mignot E : Kleine–Levin syndrome: a systematic study of 108 patients. Ann Neurol, 63:482–493, 2008.

Arnulf I , Zeitzer J , File J , Farber N , Mignot E : Kleine–Levin syndrome: A systematic review of 186 cases in the literature. Brain, 128:2763–2776, 2005.

Ballock RT , Wiesner GL , Myers MT , Thompson GH : Hemihypertrophy: concepts and controversies. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 79:1731–1738, 1997.

Bernstein GA , Victor AM , Pipal AJ , Williams KA : Comparison of clinical characteristics of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections and childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 20:333–340, 2010.

Brilot F , Merheb V , Ding A , Murphy T , Dale R : Antibody binding to neuronal surface in Sydenham chorea, but not in PANDAS or Tourette syndrome. Neurology, 76:1508–1513, 2011.

Chakraborty R , Chatterjee A : Comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in a patient with Kleine–Levin syndrome. Ger J Psychiatry, 10:1–2, 2007.

Chang K , Frankovich J , Cooperstock M , Latimer ME , Murphy T , Pasternack M , Thienemann M , Williams KA , Walter J , Swedo SE : Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): Recommendations from the 2013 PANS consensus conference. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, this issue.

Chesson A Jr , Levine S , Kong L-S , Lee S : Neuroendocrine evaluation in Kleine–Levin syndrome: Evidence of reduced dopaminergic tone during periods of hypersomnolence. Sleep, 14:226–232, 1991.

Clericuzio CL , Martin RA : Diagnostic criteria and tumor screening for individuals with isolated hemihyperplasia. Genet Med, 11:220–222, 2009.

Cunningham MW : Streptococcus and rheumatic fever. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 24:408, 2012.

Das A , Radhakrishnan A : A case of PANDAS with Kleine–Levin type periodic hypersomnia. Sleep Med, 13:319–320, 2012.

Dauvilliers Y , Mayer G , Lecendreux M , Neidhart E , Peraita–Adrados R , Sonka K , Billiard M , Tafti M : Kleine–Levin syndrome: An autoimmune hypothesis based on clinical and genetic analyses. Neurology, 59:1739–1745, 2002.

De Gusmao C , Maski K , Urion D : Kleine–Levin Syndrome with rapid cycling: case report and review of the literature. Neurology, 82:P5.294–P295, 2014.

Docherty SJ , Davis O , Haworth C , Plomin R , D'Souza U , Mill J : A genetic association study of DNA methylation levels in the DRD4 gene region finds associations with nearby SNPs. Behav Brain Funct, 8:31, 2012.

Falcini F , Lepri G , Bertini F , Cerinic MM , Rigante D : From PANDAS to PANS: A nosographic entity in evolution throughout a descriptive analysis of a cohort of 103 Italian children and adolescents. Pediatric Rheumatol, 12(Suppl 1):300, 2014.

Fenzi F , Simonati A , Crosato F , Ghersini L , Rizzuto N : Clinical features of Kleine–Levin syndrome with localized encephalitis. Neuropediatrics, 24:292–295, 1993.

Fernábdez JM , Lara I , Gila L , O'Neill A , Tovar J , Gimeno A : Disturbed hypothalamic‐pituitary axis in idiopathic recurring hypersomnia syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand, 82:361–363, 1990.

Fontenelle L , Mendlowicz MV , Gillin JC , Mattos P , Versiani M : Neuropsychological sequelae in Kleine–Levin syndrome: Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 58:531–534, 2000.

Gadoth N , Dickerman Z , Bechar M , Laron Z , Lavie P : Episodic hormone secretion during sleep in Kleine–Levin syndrome: Evidence for hypothalamic dysfunction. Brain Dev, 9:309–315, 1987.

Gadoth N , Kesler A , Vainstein G , Peled R , Lavie P : Clinical and polysomnographic characteristics of 34 patients with Kleine–Levin syndrome. J Sleep Res, 10:337–341, 2001.

Giedd JN , Rapoport JL , Garvey MA , Perlmutter S , Swedo SE : MRI assessment of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder or tics associated with streptococcal infection. Am J Psychiatry, 157:281–283, 2000.

Giedd JN , Rapoport JL , Leonard HL , Richter D , Swedo SE : Case study: acute basal ganglia enlargment and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an adolescent boy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 7:913–915, 1996.

Gillberg C : Kleine–Levin syndrome: Unrecognized diagnosis in adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 26:793–794, 1987.

Hoekstra PJ , Manson WL , Steenhuis M-P , Kallenberg CGM , Minderaa RB : Association of common cold with exacerbations in pediatric but not adult patients with tic disorder: A prospective longitudinal study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 15:285–292, 2005.

Hong SB , Joo EY , Tae WS , Lee J , Han SJ , Lee HW : Episodic diencephalic hypoperfusion in Kleine–Levin syndrome. Sleep, 29:1091–1093, 2006.

Huang C-J , Liao H-T , Yeh G-C , Hung K-L : Distribution of HLA-DQB1 alleles in patients with Kleine–Levin syndrome. J Clin Neurosci, 19:628–630, 2012a.

Huang Y , Guilleminault C , Kao P , Liu F : SPECT findings in the Kleine–Levin syndrome. Sleep, 28:955–960, 2005.

Huang Y-S , Guilleminault C , Lin K-L , Hwang F-M , Liu F-Y , Kung Y-P : Relationship between Kleine–Levin syndrome and upper respiratory infection in Taiwan. Sleep, 35:123–129, 2012b.

Huang Y-S , Lin Y-H , Guilleminault C : Polysomnography in Kleine–Levin syndrome. Neurology, 70:795–801, 2008.

Kas A , Lavault S , Habert M-O , Arnulf I : Feeling unreal: A functional imaging study in patients with Kleine–Levin syndrome. Brain, 137:2077–2087, 2014.

Ko JM : Genetic syndromes associated with overgrowth in childhood. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 18:101–105, 2013.

Koerber RK , Torkelson R , Haven G , Donaldson J , Cohen SM , Case M : Increased cerebrospinal fluid 5‐hydroxytryptamine and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid in Kleine‐Levin syndrome. Neurology, 34:1597–1597, 1984.

Kovacevic M , Grant P , Swedo SE : Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of twelve youth with PANDAS. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, this issue.

Kumar A , Williams M , Chugani HT : Evaluation of basal ganglia and thalamic inflammation in children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection and Tourette syndrome: a positron emission tomographic (PET) study using ¹¹C-[R]-PK11195. J Child Neurol, 2014 Aug 12. pii: 0883073814543303. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 25117419.

Landtblom A , Dige N , Schwerdt K , Säfström P , Granerus G : Short‐term memory dysfunction in Kleine–Levin syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand, 108:363–367, 2003.

Latimer ME , L'Etoile N , Seidlitz J , Swedo SE : Therapeutic plasmapheresis as a treatment for 32 severely ill children with PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, this issue.

Lougee L , Perlmutter SJ , Nicolson R , Garvey MA , Swedo SE : Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39:1120–1126, 2000.

Malhotra S , Kumar Das M , Gupta N , Muralidharan R : A clinical study of Kleine–Levin syndrome with evidence for hypothalamic–pituitary axis dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry, 42:299–301, 1997.

Mayer G , Leonhard E , Krieg J , Meier–Ewert K : Endocrinological and polysomnographic findings in Kleine–Levin syndrome: No evidence for hypothalamic and circadian dysfunction. Sleep, 21:278–284, 1998.

Mell LK , Davis RL , Owens D : Association between streptococcal infection and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and tic disorder. Pediatrics, 116:56–60, 2005.

Merriam AE : Kleine–Levin syndrome following acute viral encephalitis. Biol Psychiatry, 21:1301–1304, 1986.

Moriarty J , Vama AR , Stevens J , Fish M , Trimble MR , Robertson MM : A volumetric MRI study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology, 49:410–415, 1997.

Morris–Berry C , Pollard M , Gao S , Thompson C , Singer H : Anti-streptococcal, tubulin, and dopamine receptor 2 antibodies in children with PANDAS and Tourette syndrome: Single-point and longitudinal assessments. J Neuroimmunol, 264:106–113, 2013.

Müller N , Abele–Horn M , Riedel M : Infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Tourette's syndrome (TS): increased anti-mycoplasmal antibody titers in TS. Psychiatry Res, 129:119–125, 2004.

Müller N , Riedel M , Blendinger C , Forderreuther S , Abele–Horn M : Childhood Tourette's syndrome and infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae. Am J Psychiatry, 157:481–482, 2000.

Muratori F , Bertini N , Masi G : Efficacy of lithium treatment in Kleine–Levin syndrome. Eur Psychiatry, 17:232–233, 2002.

Murphy ML , Pichichero ME : Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 156:356, 2002.

Murphy TK , Gerardi DM , Leckman J : Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 37:353–374, 2014.

Murphy TK , Parker–Athill EC , Lewin AB , Storch EA , Mutch PJ : Cefdinir for recent onset pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders: A pilot randomized trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0010. Epub ahead of print October 8, 2014.

Murphy TK , Storch EA , Lewin AB , Edge PJ , Goodman WK : Clinical factors associated with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. J Pediatrics, 160:314–319, 2012.

Murphy TK , Storch EA , Strawser MS : Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced behavioral activation in the PANDAS subtype. Prim Psychiatry, 13:87–89, 2006.

Murphy TK , Storch EA , Turner A , Reid JM , Tan J , Lewin AB : Maternal history of autoimmune disease in children presenting with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroimmunol, 229:243–247, 2010.

Papacostas S , Hadjivasilis V : The Kleine–Levin syndrome: Report of a case and review of the literature. Eur Psychiatry, 15:231–235, 2000.

Perlmutter SJ , Leitman SF , Garvey MA , Hamburger S , Feldman E , Leonard HL , Swedo SE : Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive–compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet, 354:1153–1158, 1999.

Peterson BS , Thomas P , Kane MJ , Scahill L , Zhang H , Bronen R , King RA , Leckman JF , Staib L : Basal ganglia volumes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60:415–424, 2003.

Poryazova R , Schnepf B , Boesiger P , Bassetti CL : Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with Kleine–Levin syndrome. J Neurol, 254:1445–1446, 2007.

Reynolds C , Black R , Coble P , Holzer B , Kupfer D : Similarities in EEG sleep findings for Kleine–Levin syndrome and unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry, 137:116–118, 1980.

Rosenberg DR , Keshavan MS , O'Hearn KM , Dick EL , Bagwell WW , Seymour AB , Montrose DM , Pierri JN , Birmaher B : Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naïve children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54:824–830, 1997.

Sagar R , Khandelwal S , Gupta S : Interepisodic morbidity in Kleine–Levin syndrome. Br J Psychiatry, 157:139–141, 1990.

Salter MS , White PD : A variant of the Kleine–Levin syndrome precipitated by both Epstein–Barr and varicella-zoster virus infections. Biol Psychiatry, 33:388–390, 1993.

Swedo SE , Leckman J , Rose N : From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: Modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS. Pediatr Therapeut, 2:113. doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000113. (open access journal, article covers pages 1–8), 2012.

Swedo SE , Leonard HL , Garvey M , Mittleman B , Allen AJ , Perlmutter S , Dow S , Zamkoff J , Dubbert BK , Lougee L : Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry, 155:264–271, 1998.

Swedo SE , Rapoport JL , Cheslow D , Hosier DM , Wald ER : High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea. Am J Psychiatry, 146:246–249, 1989.

Szeszko PR , MacMillan S , McMeniman M , Chen S , Baribault K , Lim KO , Ivey J , Rose M , Banerjee SP , Bhandari R , Moore GJ , Rosenberg DR : Brain structural abnormalities in psychotropic drug-naïve pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 161:1049–1056, 2004.

Thacore V , Ahmed M , Oswald I : The EEG in a case of periodic hypersomnia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 27:605–606, 1969.

Toufexis M , Lewin A , Storch EA , DeOleo C , Murphy TK : A possible link between tic disorders associated with beta thalassemia minor and sickle cell disease. J Clin Case Rep, 3:244. doi:10.4172/2165-7920.1000244, 2013.

Yiş U , Kurul SH , Çakmakçı H , Dirik E : Mycoplasma pneumoniae: nervous system complications in childhood and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr, 167:973–978, 2008.