Missed Diagnosis of Tardive Dystonia in an Adolescent Girl Treated with Risperidone

Adityanjee , Esterera AB . Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine. Biol Psychiatry, 39:1064–1065. 1996.

American Psychiatic Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4thText Revision (DSM-IV-TR)Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.

Bassitt DP , Neto MRL . Clozapine efficacy in tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 248:209–211. 1998.

Burke RE , Fahn S , Jankovic J , Marsden D , Lang A , Gollomp S , Ilson J . Tardive dystonia: Late onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology, 32:1335–1346. 1982.

Chatterjee A , Forrest Gordon M , Giladi N , Trosch R . Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tardive dystonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 17:497–498. 1997.

Connor D , McLaughlin T , Jeffers-Terry M . Randomized controlled pilot study of quetiapine in the treatment of adolescent conduct disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 18:140–156. 2008.

Conus P , Zullino D , Baumann P . Clozapine is more efficacious for tongue dystonia than olanzapine. Psychopharmacology, 162:89. 2002.

Correll C , Kane J . One year incidence rates of tardive dyskinesia in children and adolescents treated with second generation antipsychotics: A systematic review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 17:647–655. 2007.

DelBello M , Chang K , Welge J , Adler C , Rana M , Howe M , Bryan H , Vogel D , Sampang S , Delgado S , Strakowski S . A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of quetiapine for depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disord, 11:483–493. 2009.

DelBello M , Schwiers M , Rosenberg L , Strakowski S . A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 41:1216–1223. 2002.

Dressler D , Oeljeschlager RO , Ruther E . Severe tardive dystonia: Treatment with continuous intrathecal baclofen administration. Mov Disord, 12:585–587. 1997.

Franzini A , Marras C , Ferroli P , Zorzi G , Bugiani O , Romito L , Broggi C . Long term high frequency bilateral pallidal stimulation for neuroleptic induced tardive dystonia. Report of two cases. J Neurosurgery, 102:721–725. 2005.

Friedman JH . Clozapine treatment of psychosis in patients with tardive dystonia: Report of three cases. Mov Disord, 9:321–324. 1994.

Jankovic J , Beach J . Long term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology, 48:358–362. 1997.

Kumra S , Frazier J , Jacobsen L , McKenna K , Gordon C , Lenane M , Hamburder S , Smith A , Albus K , Alaghband-Rad J , Rapoport J . Childhood-onset schizophrenia: A double-blind clozapine-haloperidol comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53:1090–1097. 1996.

Kumra S , Kranzler H , Gerbino-Rosen G , Kester H , DeThomas C , Cullen K , Regan J , Kane J . Clozapine versus “high-dose” olanzapine in refractory early-onset schizophrenia: An open-label extension study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 18:307–316. 2008.

Miller D , Caroff S , Davis S et al. Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics in a randomized trial. Br J Psychiatry, 193:279–288. 2008.

Monteiro L . Tardive dyskinesia controlled by anticholinergic agents. Clin Neuropharmacol, 8:372–376. 1985.

Pringsheim T , Lam D , Ching H , Patten P . Metabolic, neurological complications of second generation antipsychotic use in children: A systematic review, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsIn press.

Rosse RB , Allen A , Lux WE . Baclofen treatment in a patient with tardive dystonia. J Clin Psychiatry, 47:474–475. 1986.

Sallee F , Kurlan R , Goetz C , Signer H , Scahill L , Law G , Dittman V , Chappell P . Ziprasidone treatment of children and adolescents with tourette's syndrome: A pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39:292–299. 2000.

Shaw P , Sporn A , Gogtay N , Overman G , Greenstein D , Gochman P , Tossell J , Lenane M , Rapoport J . Childhood-onset schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized clozapine-olanzapine comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63:721–730. 2006.

Sikich L , Frazier J , McClellan J , Findling RL , Vitiello B , Ritz L , Ambler D , Puglia M , Maloney AE , Michael E , De Jong S , Slifka K , Noyes N , Hlastala S , Pierson L , McNamara NK , Delporto-Bedoya D , Anderson R , Hamer RM , Lieberman JA . Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Findings from the Treatment of Early-onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) Study. Am J Psychiatry, 165:1420–1431. 2008.

Sikich L , Hamer R , Bashford R , Sheitman BB , Lieberman JA . A pilot study of risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol in psychotic youth: A double-blind, randomized, 8-week trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29:133–145. 2004.

Wonodi I , Reeves G , Carmichael D , Verovsky I , Avila MT , Elliott A , Hong LE , Adami HM , Thaker GK . Tardive dyskinesia in children treated with atypical antipsychotic medications. Mov Disord, 22:1777–1782. 2007.