Objectives: To understand the factors underlying the decision by U.S. hospitals to participate or
not in the U.S. Smallpox Pre-Event Vaccination Program (SPVP).
Methods: We conducted semistructured telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 123
hospital decision-makers in nine states between June and November 2003.
Results: Within our sample, 88 hospitals (72%) decided to participate in the SPVP and 35 (28%)
decided against doing so. Nearly all hospital decision-makers considered the risk of a smallpox outbreak,
risks associated with vaccination, hospital costs, and the reaction of hospital stakeholders.
However, these factors often were weighed differently by hospitals that decided to participate compared
to those that did not. Fewer than half of all hospitals reported that public health officials
played an important role in their decision-making process, but those that did felt the influence of
public health officials was positive.
Conclusions: Strengthening the linkage between the public and private health sectors may help to
address some of the barriers to broader participation by hospitals in the SPVP and foster the success
of smallpox outbreak response preparedness efforts in the future.
