With the recent technical advances in brain imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers' interests have inclined over the years to study brain functions through the analysis of the variations in the statistical dependence among various brain regions. Through its wide use in studying brain connectivity, the low temporal resolution of the fMRI represented by the limited number of samples per second, in addition to its dependence on brain slow hemodynamic changes, makes it of limited capability in studying the fast underlying neural processes during information exchange between brain regions.
Materials and Methods:
In this article, the high temporal resolution of the electroencephalography (EEG) is utilized to estimate the effective connectivity within the default mode network (DMN). The EEG data are collected from 20 subjects with alcoholism and 25 healthy subjects (controls), and used to obtain the effective connectivity diagram of the DMN using the Partial Directed Coherence algorithm.
Results:
The resulting effective connectivity diagram within the DMN shows the unidirectional causal effect of each region on the other. The variations in the causal effects within the DMN between controls and alcoholics show clear correlation with the symptoms that are usually associated with alcoholism, such as cognitive and memory impairments, executive control, and attention deficiency. The correlation between the exchanged causal effects within the DMN and symptoms related to alcoholism is discussed and properly analyzed.
Conclusion:
The establishment of the causal differences between control and alcoholic subjects within the DMN regions provides valuable insight into the mechanism by which alcohol modulates our cognitive and executive functions and creates better possibility for effective treatment of alcohol use disorder.
Impact statement
Understanding the physiological mechanism by which alcohol modulates the causal connections between the default mode network (DMN) regions establishes the first step toward effective treatment of the alcohol use disorder. In this study, the variations in effective connectivity within DMN due to alcoholism are addressed using 20 Alcoholics EEG data and compared with 25 normal subjects. Significant differences are found in alcoholics than controls represented by less causal effects of the posterior DMN regions on the anterior regions. The main objective of this research is to draw correlation between the variations in DMN causal connections due to heavy alcohol consumption and the symptoms that are usually affiliated with alcoholism. This will allow for better understanding of alcohol effects on human brain and gives the possibility for better intervention scheme.
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