The Effects of Baby Calming Training Provided to Primiparous Mothers on Maternal Role Perception,Maternal Attachment,and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online December, 2024
The Effects of Baby Calming Training Provided to Primiparous Mothers on Maternal Role Perception,Maternal Attachment,and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mothers of crying babies have difficulty adapting to their roles and problems with breastfeeding and attachment.
Objective:
This study aimed to assess the impact of the baby calming training provided to primiparous mothers on maternal role perception, maternal attachment, and breastfeeding self-efficacy.
Methods:
The study was conducted in a randomized controlled experimental design between March 2023 and March 2024 in the gynecology and obstetrics services of a public hospital in northeastern Turkey (Clinical Trial Number: NCT05594836). The research was conducted with a total of 84 primiparous mothers, including 41 intervention and 43 control groups, who met the inclusion criteria. The Baby Calming Training was administered face-to-face in the intervention group, utilizing a baby swaddling blanket, a sleep companion emitting white noise, and a training booklet. The control group received routine care. Data were collected through the Mother and Baby Introductory Information Form, Semantic Difference Scale—Me as a Mother, Maternal Attachment Inventory, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, and Infant Sleep Activity Record. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, independent samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, mixed design ANOVA analysis, Cohen’s d, and 95% confidence interval (CI). This study adhered to CONSORT research guidelines.
Results:
Mothers in the intervention group exhibited higher mean scores on the perception of maternal role (mean ± SD: 70.37 ± 5.92, t: 8.590, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.347–2.375], d: 1.865, p < 0.001), maternal attachment (mean ± SD: 100.42 ± 1.52, U: 151.500, 95% CI: [0.732–0.892], d: 0.828, p < 0.001), and breastfeeding self-efficacy (mean ± SD: 64.00 ± 5.98, t: 8.109, 95% CI: [1.248–2.258], d: 1.757, p < 0.001) than the control group. It was determined that the total sleep time of the babies in the intervention group was higher, and the total crying duration was lower (p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
The study revealed that infant soothing training for primiparous mothers enhanced maternal role perception, maternal attachment, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and extended infants’ sleep duration. Furthermore, infants exhibited reduced crying.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BothaE, HelminenM, KaunonenM, et al.Mothers’ parenting self-efficacy, satisfaction, and perceptions of their infants during the first days postpartum. Midwifery, 2020; 88:102760; doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102760
2.
YıldızD, AkbayrakN. The effect of education and counseling services given to the primipara mothers during the postpartum period on infant care, anxiety level, and role of motherhood. Gulhane Med J, 2014; 56(1):36–41; doi: 10.5455/gulhane.24869
WolkeD, BilginA, SamaraM. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Fussing and crying durations and prevalence of colic in infants. J Pediatr, 2017; 185:55–61.e4; doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.020
5.
BothaE, HelminenM, KaunonenM, et al.The effects of an infant calming intervention on mothers’ parenting self-efficacy and satisfaction during the postpartum period: A randomized controlled trial. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 2020a;34(4):300–310; doi: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000510
6.
McRuryJM, ZolotorAJ. A randomized, controlled trial of a behavioral intervention to reduce crying among infants. J Am Board Fam Med, 2010; 23(3):315–322; doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2010.03.090142
7.
BilginA, WolkeD. Infant crying problems and symptoms of sleeping problems predict attachment disorganization at 18 months. Attach Hum Dev, 2020; 22(4):367–391; doi: 10.1080/14616734.2019.1618882
8.
HenshawEJ, FriedR, SiskindE, et al.Breastfeeding self-efficacy, mood, and breastfeeding outcomes among primiparous women. J Hum Lact, 2015; 31(3):511–518; doi: 10.1177/0890334415579654
9.
ÖlmestigTK, SiersmaV, BirkmoseAR, et al.Infant crying problems related to maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2021; 21(1):777; doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04252-z
10.
Lara-CinisomoS, McKenneyK, Di FlorioA, et al.Associations between postpartum depression, breastfeeding, and oxytocin levels in Latina mothers. Breastfeed Med, 2017; 12(7):436–442; doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0213
11.
AhmadinezhadGS, KarimiFZ, AbdollahiM, et al.Association between postpartum depression and breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2024; 24(1):273; doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06465-4
12.
KarpH. The happiest baby on the block; fully revised and updated second edition: The new way to calm crying and help your newborn baby sleep longer. Bantam, New York; 2015.
13.
MartiningsihW, SetijaningsihT. The effect of physical intervention 5s’s (swaddling, side-stomach, sushing, swinging, sucking) toward pain and the duration of crying in infants with DPT immunization. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 2015; 7(1):38–42. https://ejournal.lucp.net/index.php/mjn/article/view/519
14.
TokatMA, OkumuşH. Mothers breastfeeding self-efficacy and success: Analysis the effect of education based on improving breastfeeding self-efficacy. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 2013; 10(1):21–29.
15.
ÇinarI, ÖztürkA. The effect of planned baby care education given to primiparous mothers on maternal attachment and self-confidence levels. Health Care Women Int, 2014; 35(3):320–333; doi: 10.1080/07399332.2013.842240
16.
Öztürk DönmezR, Bayik TemelA. Effect of soothing techniques on infants’ self-regulation behaviors (sleeping, crying, feeding): A randomized controlled study. Jpn J Nurs Sci, 2019; 16(4):407–419; doi: 10.1111/jjns.12250
17.
WalkerLO, CrainH, ThompsonE. Maternal role attainment and identity in the postpartum period: Stability and change. Nurs Res, 1986; 35(2):68–71.
18.
ÇalışırH. Examining the factors affecting the maternal role performance of women who become mothers for the first time. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis 2003, Ege University. Health Sciences Institute.
19.
MüllerME. A questionnaire to measure mother-to-infant attachment. J Nurs Meas, 1994; 2(2):129–141.
20.
KavlakO, ŞirinA. The Turkish version of maternal attachment ınventory. Journal of Human Sciences, 2009; 6(1):188–202.
21.
DennisCL. The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale: Psychometric assessment of the short form. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2003; 32(6):734–744; doi: 10.1177/0884217503258459
22.
TokatMA, OkumuşH, DennisCL. Translation and psychometric assessment of the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale—Short Form among pregnant and postnatal women in Turkey. Midwifery, 2010; 26(1):101–108; doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.04.002
23.
BarnardKE. Beginning rhythms: The emerging process of sleep wake behaviors and self-regulation. NCAST, 1999; University of Washington.
24.
BlomMA, van SleuwenBE, de VriesH, et al.Health care interventions for excessive crying in infants: Regularity with and without swaddling. J Child Health Care, 2009; 13(2):161–176; doi: 10.1177/1367493509102476
25.
DlaminiLP, HsuYY, ShongweMC, et al.Maternal self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between postpartum depression and maternal role competence: A cross-sectional survey. J Midwifery Womens Health, 2023; 68(4):499–506; doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13478
26.
LawKH, DimmockJ, GuelfiKJ, et al.Stress, depressive symptoms, and maternal self-efficacy in first-time mothers: Modelling and predicting change across the first six months of motherhood. Appl Psychol Health Well Being, 2019; 11(1):126–147; doi: 10.1111/aphw.12147
27.
MedinaNY, EdwardsRC, ZhangY, et al.A longitudinal investigation of young mothers’ prenatal attachment, depressive symptoms, and early parenting behaviour. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 2022; 40(2):196–211; doi: 10.1080/02646838.2021.1886257
28.
ÖztürkS, ErciB. The effect of training provided the primiparas in the postpartum period for motherhood and neonatal care on maternal self-confidence. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 2016; 5(2):25–31.
29.
KarimiZF, AbdollahiM, KhadivzadehT, et al.Investigating the effect of kangaroo mother care on maternal-infant attachment: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Current Women′s Health Reviews, 2024; 20(2):50–60; doi: 10.2174/1573404820666230228093256
30.
Turk DudukcuF, Tas ArslanF. Effects of health promotion program on maternal attachment, parenting self-efficacy, infant development: A randomised controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; 42(7):2818–2825; doi: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2109949
31.
AktaşS, Küçük AlemdarD. Correlation between infantile colic and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, breastfeeding success and breast milk amount. J Trop Pediatr, 2019; 65(4):321–327; doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmy054
32.
PerrellaSL, Dix-MatthewsA, WilliamsJ, et al.Breastfeeding and maternal perceptions of infant sleep, settle and cry patterns in the first 9 months. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022; 19(20):13098; doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013098
33.
BrockwayM, BenziesK, HaydenKA. Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Lact, 2017; 33(3):486–499; doi: 10.1177/0890334417707957
34.
YasA, AbdollahiM, KhadivzadehT, et al.Investigating the effect of supportive interventions on initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuation of breastfeeding in adolescent mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breastfeed Med, 2023; 18(3):198–211; doi: 10.1089/bfm.2022.0219
35.
SalehianM, KarimiFZ. Critical appraisal of the published randomized controlled trials that examined the effect of counseling-educational interventions on exclusive breastfeeding. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 2022; 10(2):1–12; doi: 10.22038/jmrh.2022.62648.1779
36.
SweeneyBM, SignalTL, BabbageDR. Effect of a behavioral-educational sleep intervention for first-time mothers and their infants: Pilot of a controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med, 2020; 16(8):1265–1274; doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8484
37.
GarveyW, SungV. Non-pharmacological approaches to infantile colic: White noise versus swinging. Evid Based Nurs, 2018; 21(4):112; doi: 10.1136/eb-2018-102875
38.
SeziciE, YigitD. Comparison between swinging and playing of white noise among colicky babies: A paired randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs, 2018; 27(3–4):593–600; doi: 10.1111/jocn.13928
39.
ErkutZ, YildizS. The effect of swaddling on pain, vital signs, and crying duration during heel lance in newborns. Pain Manag Nurs, 2017; 18(5):328–336; doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2017.05.007
40.
HarringtonJW, LoganS, HarwellC, et al.Effective analgesia using physical interventions for infant immunizations. Pediatrics, 2012; 129(5):815–822; doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1607
41.
Sağkal MidilliT, ErginE. The effect of white noise and Brahms’ lullaby on pain in infants during intravenous blood draw: A randomized controlled study. Altern Ther Health Med, 2023; 29(2):148–154.
42.
MöllerEL, de VenteW, RodenburgR. Infant crying and the calming response: Parental versus mechanical soothing using swaddling, sound, and movement. PLoS One, 2019; 14(4):e0214548; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214548
43.
HohmanEE, SavageJS, StansfieldBK, et al.Sleep SAAF responsive parenting intervention for black mothers impacts response to infant crying: A randomized clinical Trial. Acad Pediatr, 2024; 24(1):97–104; doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.04.012
