ABM Clinical Protocol #37: Physiological Infant Care—Managing Nighttime Breastfeeding in Young Infants

Blair PS , Ball HL , McKenna JJ , et al. Bedsharing and breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine protocol #6, revision 2019. Breastfeed Med, 2020; 15(1):5–16.

World Health Organization. Protecting, Promoting, and Supporting Breastfeeding in Facilities Providing Maternity and Newborn Services: The Revised Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative: Implemention Guidance. World Health Organization and UNICEF: Geneva; 2018.

Kent JC , Mitoulas LR , Cregan MD , et al. Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Pediatrics, 2006; 117(3):e387–e395.

Vieira TO , Vieira GO , de Oliveira NF , et al. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding in a Brazilian population: New determinants in a cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2014; 14:175.

Meier PP , Patel AL , Hoban R , et al. Which breast pump for which mother: An evidence-based approach to individualizing breast pump technology. J Perinatol, 2016; 36(7):493–499.

Ball HL. The mother-infant sleep nexus: Night-time experiences in early infancy and later outcomes. In: Gowland R, Halcrow S, eds. The mother-infant nexus in anthropology: Small beginnings, significant outcomes. Springer: Cham, Switzerland; 2020.

Ball HL , Tomori C , McKenna JJ . Toward an integrated anthropology of infant sleep. Am Anthropol, 2019; 21(3):595–612.

Small MF. Our Babies Ourselves: How Biology and Culture Shape the Way We Parent. Doubleday Dell Publishing Group: New York, NY, USA; 1998.

Hrdy SB. Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. Ballantine: New York, NY, USA; 1998.

Moore ER , Bergman N , Anderson GC , et al. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016; 11:CD003519.

Little EE , Legare CH , Carver LJ . Mother-infant physical contact predicts responsive feeding among U.S. breastfeeding mothers. Nutrients, 2018; 10(9):1251.

Middlemiss W , Granger DA , Goldberg WA , et al. Asynchrony of mother-infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity following extinction of infant crying responses induced during the transition to sleep. Early Hum Dev, 2012; 88(4):227–232.

Paul IM , Hohman EE , Loken E , et al. Mother-infant room-sharing and sleep outcomes in the INSIGHT study. Pediatrics, 2017; 140(1):e20170122.

Messayke S , Franco P , Forhan A , et al. Sleep habits and sleep characteristics at age one year in the ELFE birth cohort study. Sleep Med, 2020; 67:200–206.

Thompson JMD , Tanabe K , Moon RY , et al. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of SIDS: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 2017; 140(5):e20171324.

Yu X , Quante M , Rueschman M , et al. Emergence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in objectively measured sleep-wake patterns in early infancy: Results of the Rise & SHINE study. Sleep, 2021; 44(3):zsaa193.

Walker M. Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams. Scribner: New York, NY, USA; 2017.

Volkovich E , Ben-Zion H , Karny D , et al. Sleep patterns of co-sleeping and solitary sleeping infants and mothers: A longitudinal study. Sleep Med, 2015; 16(11):1305–1312.

Doan T , Gardiner A , Gay CL , et al. Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 2007; 21(3):200–206.

Bei B , Milgrom J , Ericksen J , et al. Subjective perception of sleep, but not its objective quality, is associated with immediate postpartum mood disturbances in healthy women. Sleep, 2010; 33(4):531–538.

Hunziker UA , Barr RG . Increased carrying reduces infant crying: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 1986; 77(5):641–648.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Baby Carriers: Backpacks, Front Pback, and Slings. 2021. Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/on-the-go/Pages/Baby-Carriers.aspx [Last accessed: September 11, 2022].

Hewitt L , Kerr E , Stanley RM , et al. Tummy time and infant health outcomes: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 2020; 145(6).

World Health Organization. Infant and Young Child Feeding. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding [Last accessed: June 8, 2022].

Rudzik AEF , Ball HL . Biologically normal sleep in the mother-infant dyad. Am J Hum Biol, 2021; 33(5):e23589.

Tomori C. Nighttime Breastfeeding: An American Cultural Dilemma. Berghahn Books, New York, NY, USA; 2014.

Nishihara K , Horiuchi S . Changes in sleep patterns of young women from late pregnancy to postpartum: Relationships to their infants' movements. Percept Mot Skills, 1998; 87(3 Pt 1):1043–1056.

Sharkey KM , Iko IN , Machan JT , et al. Infant sleep and feeding patterns are associated with maternal sleep, stress, and depressed mood in women with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD). Arch Womens Ment Health, 2016; 19(2):209–218.

Srimoragot M , Hershberger PE , Park C , et al. Infant feeding type and maternal sleep during the postpartum period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res, 2022:e13625.

American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The changing concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics, 2005; 116(5):1245–1255.

NICE (National Instittue for Health Care Excellence). Addendum to Clinical Guideline 37, Postnatal Care. Routine Postnatal Care of Women and Their Babies. NICE: London; 2014.

Ball HL. Empowering families to make informed choices about sleep safety. Br J Midwifery, 2015; 23(3):164–165.

Sánchez Ruiz-Cabello FJ , Grupo PrevInfad/PAPPS. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome [in Spanish]. Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria, Madrid; 2016.

NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence). Postnatal Care [M] Benefits and Harms of Bed Sharing: NICE Guideline NG194. NICE: London, United Kingdom; 2021.

Lullaby Trust, Baby Sleep Info Source (Basis), Public Health England, UNICEF UK Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Safer Sleep for Babies: A Guide for Parents. London; 2019.

UNICEF UK Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Caring for Your Baby at Night. UNICEF UK: London, United Kingdom; 2022.

Red Nose National Scientific Advisory Group. Information statement: Sharing a sleep surface with a baby. Available from: https://rednose.org.au/article/sharing-a-sleep-surface-with-a-baby. [Last accessed: September 13, 2019].

Perinatal Services BC . Safer Sleep for My Baby: Helping Parents and Caregivers Create a Safer Sleep Plan. British Columbia Ministry of Health: Victoria; 2017.

Winnipeg Regional Health Authority. Safer Bed-Sharing. Available from: https://healthyparentingwinnipeg.ca/safer-bed-sharing/ [Last accessed: September 7, 2022].

Moon RY , Carlin RF , Hand I; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome , the Committee on Fetus and Newborn . Sleep-related infant deaths: Updated 2022 recommendations for reducing infant deaths in the sleep environment. Pediatrics, 2022; 150(1):e2022057990.

Editorial Board . Editorials: Infant death and DCFS: Is unsafe sleep abusive? Tribune Publishing , Chicago Tribune . 2017. Available from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/editorials/ct-edit-cosleep-dcfs-child-abuse-20171116-story.html. [Last accessed: June 8, 2022].

Huang Y , Hauck FR , Signore C , et al. Influence of bedsharing activity on breastfeeding duration among US mothers. JAMA Pediatr, 2013; 167(11):1038–1044.

Ball HL , Howel D , Bryant A , et al. Bed-sharing by breastfeeding mothers: Who bed-shares and what is the relationship with breastfeeding duration?. Acta Paediatr, 2016; 105(6):628–634.

Bovbjerg ML , Hill JA , Uphoff AE , et al. Women who bedshare more frequently at 14 weeks postpartum subsequently report longer durations of breastfeeding. J Midwifery Womens Health, 2018; 63(4):418–424.

McKenna JJ , Gettler LT . There is no such thing as infant sleep, there is no such thing as breastfeeding, there is only breastsleeping. Acta Paediatr, 2015; 105(1):17–21.

Barry ES , McKenna JJ . Reasons mothers bedshare: A review of its effects on infant behavior and development. Infant Behav Dev, 2022; 66:101684.

Colson ER , Willinger M , Rybin D , et al. Trends and factors associated with infant bed sharing, 1993–2010: The National Infant Sleep Position Study. JAMA Pediatr, 2013; 167(11):1032–1037.

Kural B , Gokcay G . Association between infant sleep location and breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med, 2022; 17(4):305–310.

Mosko S , Richard C , McKenna JJ . Maternal sleep and arousals during bedsharing with infants. Sleep, 1997; 20(2):142–150.

Mosko S , Richard C , McKenna JJ . Infant arousals during mother-infant bed sharing: Implications for infant sleep and sudden infant death syndrome research. Pediatrics, 1997; 100(5):841–849.

Weissinger D , West D , Smith LJ , et al. Sweet Sleep: Nighttime and Naptime Strategies for the Breastfeeding Family. Ballantine Books: New York, NY, USA; 2014.

Baddock SA , Purnell MT , Blair PS , et al. The influence of bed-sharing on infant physiology, breastfeeding and behaviour: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev, 2019; 43:106–117.

Volpe LE , Ball HL , McKenna JJ . Nighttime parenting strategies and sleep-related risks to infants. Soc Sci Med, 2013; 79:92–100.

Bartick M , Young M , Louis-Jacques A , et al. Bedsharing may partially explain the reduced risk of sleep-related death in breastfed infants. Front Pedatr, 2022; 10:1081028.

McKenna JJ , Mosko S , Richard C . Bedsharing promotes breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 1997; 100:214–219.

Labbok MH , Hight-Laukaran V , Peterson AE , et al. Multicenter study of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM): I. Efficacy, duration, and implications for clinical application. Contraception, 1997; 55(6):327–336.

Pennestri MH , Laganiere C , Bouvette-Turcot AA , et al. Uninterrupted infant sleep, development, and maternal mood. Pediatrics, 2018; 142(6).

Doan T , Gay CL , Kennedy HP , et al. Nighttime breastfeeding behavior is associated with more nocturnal sleep among first-time mothers at one month postpartum. J Clin Sleep Med, 2014; 10(3):313–319.

Tomori C. Breastsleeping in four cultures: Comparative analysis of a biocultural body technique. In: Breastfeeding: New Anthropological Approaches. (Tomori C, Palmquist AE, Quinn E, eds.) Routledge: Abington, NY, USA; 2017:55–68.

Jordan WE , Lawson KD , Berg RW , et al. Diaper dermatitis: Frequency and severity among a general infant population. Pediatr Dermatol, 1986; 3(3):198–207.

Ersoy-Evans S , Akinci H , Dogan S , et al. Diaper dermatitis: A review of 63 children. Pediatr Dermatol, 2016; 33(3):332–336.

Li CH , Zhu ZH , Dai YH . Diaper dermatitis: A survey of risk factors for children aged 1–24 months in China. J Int Med Res, 2012; 40(5):1752–1760.

Stamatas GN , Tierney NK . Diaper dermatitis: Etiology, manifestations, prevention, and management. Pediatr Dermatol, 2014; 31(1):1–7.

Blair PS , Sidebotham P , Pease A , et al. Bed-sharing in the absence of hazardous circumstances: Is there a risk of sudden infant death syndrome? An analysis from two case-control studies conducted in the UK. PLoS One, 2014; 9(9):e107799.

Vennemann MM , Hense HW , Bajanowski T , et al. Bed sharing and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome: Can we resolve the debate?. J Pediatr, 2012; 160(1):44–48.e42.

Park EM , Meltzer-Brody S , Stickgold R . Poor sleep maintenance and subjective sleep quality are associated with postpartum maternal depression symptom severity. Arch Womens Ment Health, 2013; 16(6):539–547.

Thomas KA , Spieker S . Sleep, depression, and fatigue in late postpartum. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs, 2016; 41(2):104–109.

Okun ML , Mancuso RA , Hobel CJ , et al. Poor sleep quality increases symptoms of depression and anxiety in postpartum women. J Behav Med, 2018; 41(5):703–710.

Stuebe AM , Meltzer-Brody S , Propper C , et al. The Mood, Mother, and Infant Study: Associations between maternal mood in pregnancy and breastfeeding outcome. Breastfeed Med, 2019; 14(8):551–559.

Douglas PS , Hill PS . Behavioral sleep interventions in the first six months of life do not improve outcomes for mothers or infants: A systematic review. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2013; 34(7):497–507.

Kawashima A , Detsuka N , Yano R . Sleep deprivation and fatigue in early postpartum and their association with postpartum depression in primiparas intending to establish breastfeeding. J Rural Med, 2022; 17(1):40–49.

Alimi R , Azmoude E , Moradi M , et al. The association of breastfeeding with a reduced risk of postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breastfeed Med, 2022; 17(4):290–296.

Fisk AS , Tam SKE , Brown LA , et al. Light and cognition: Roles for circadian rhythms, sleep, and arousal. Front Neurol, 2018; 9:56.

Ortiz-Tudela E , Martinez-Nicolas A , Campos M , et al. A new integrated variable based on thermometry, actimetry and body position (TAP) to evaluate circadian system status in humans. PLoS Comput Biol, 2010; 6(11):e1000996.

Keim SA , Boone KM , Oza-Frank R , et al. Pumping milk without ever feeding at the breast in the Moms2Moms study. Breastfeed Med, 2017; 12(7):422–429.

Gradisar M , Jackson K , Spurrier NJ , et al. Behavioral interventions for infant sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 2016; 137(6):e20151486.

Liu A. Sleep training. Pediatr Ann, 2020; 49(3):e101–e105.

Davis AMB , Kramer RSS . Commentary: Does ‘cry it out’ really have no adverse effects on attachment? Reflections on Bilgin and Wolke (2020). J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2021; 62(12):1488–1490.

Loutzenhiser L , Hoffman J , Beatch J . Parental perceptions of the effectiveness of graduated extinction in reducing infant night-wakings. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 2014; 32(3):282–291.

Cassels T , Rosier J . The effectiveness of sleep training: Fact or fiction. Clin Lactation, 2021; 13(2):366–371.

D'Souza L , Cassels T. Contextual considerations in infant sleep: Offering alternative interventions to families. Sleep Health, 2022:S2352-7218(22)00077-8.

Hohman EE , Savage JS , Marini ME , et al. Effect of the INSIGHT firstborn parenting intervention on secondborn sleep. Pediatrics, 2022; 150(1):e2021055244.

Ball HL. Breastfeeding, bed-sharing, and infant sleep. Birth, 2003; 30(3):181–188.

Rudzik AEF , Ball HL . Exploring maternal perceptions of infant sleep and feeding method among mothers in the United Kingdom: A qualitative focus group study. Matern Child Health J, 2016; 20(1):33–40.

Macknin ML , Medendorp SV , Maier MC . Infant sleep and bedtime cereal. Am J Dis Child, 1989; 143(9):1066–1068.

Perkin MR , Bahnson HT , Logan K , et al. Association of early introduction of solids with infant sleep: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr, 2018; 172(8):e180739.

Messayke S , Davisse-Paturet C , Nicklaus S , et al. Infant feeding practices and sleep at 1 year of age in the nationwide ELFE cohort. Matern Child Nutr, 2021; 17(1):e13072.

Almquist-Tangen G , Dahlgren J , Roswall J , et al. Milk cereal drink increases BMI risk at 12 and 18 months, but formula does not. Acta Paediatr, 2013; 102(12):1174–1179.

Woo Baidal JA , Locks LM , Cheng ER , et al. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med, 2016; 50(6):761–779.

Figueiro MG. Disruption of circadian rhythms by light during day and night. Curr Sleep Med Rep, 2017; 3(2):76–84.

Heo JY , Kim K , Fava M , et al. Effects of smartphone use with and without blue light at night in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled comparison. J Psychiatr Res, 2017; 87:61–70.

Zhang Z , Wang HJ , Wang DR , et al. Red light at intensities above 10 lx alters sleep-wake behavior in mice. Light Sci Appl, 2017; 6(5):e16231.

Ball HL , Keegan AA . Digital health tools to support parents with parent-infant sleep and mental well-being. NPJ Digit Med, 2022; 5(1):185.

Whittingham K , Douglas P . Optimizing parent-infant sleep from birth to 6 months: A new paradigm. Infant Ment Health J, 2014; 35(6):614–623.

Ball HL , Taylor CE , Thomas V , et al. Development and evaluation of ‘Sleep, Baby & You’-An approach to supporting parental well-being and responsive infant caregiving. PLoS One, 2020; 15(8):e0237240.

Ozturk M , Boran P , Ersu R , et al. Possums-based parental education for infant sleep: Cued care resulting in sustained breastfeeding. Eur J Pediatr, 2021; 180(6):1769–1776.

World Health Organization. Scope and Impact of Digital Marketing Strategies for Promoting Breast Milk Substitutes. WHO, Geneva; 2022.

World Health Organization. How the Marketing of Formula Milk Influences our Decisions on Infant Feeding. WHO, Geneva; 2022.

Gildner TE , Uwizeye G , Milner RL , et al. Associations between postpartum depression and assistance with household tasks and childcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from American mothers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2021; 21(1):828.

Van Niel MS , Bhatia R , Riano NS , et al. The impact of paid maternity leave on the mental and physical health of mothers and children: A review of the literature and policy implications. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 2020; 28(2):113–126.

Ebell MH , Siwek J , Weiss BD , et al. Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): A patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature. J Am Board Fam Pract, 2004; 17(1):59–67.