Obesity and Prenatal Intention as Predictors of Meeting Breastfeeding Recommendations in an Urban Birth Cohort

Abstract

Background and Objectives:

Few U.S. women meet the public health recommendations to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months and continue breastfeeding for at least 1–2 years. We compared prenatally collected demographic, health, and breastfeeding support/intention variables to examine how these factors intersect to predict meeting breastfeeding recommendations.

Methods:

PREVAIL, a CDC-funded birth cohort in Cincinnati, OH, was approved by the IRB at CDC, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, and the hospitals where enrollment (third trimester, 2017–2018) occurred. The prenatal questionnaire captured sociodemographics, pre-pregnancy weight and height, breastfeeding environment, and breastfeeding intention, while health factors were obtained from obstetrical records. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) was categorized as healthy (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), obesity 1 (30–34.9), and obesity 2+ (≥35). Mothers self-reported date of exclusive and any breastfeeding cessation through quarterly postnatal questionnaires. Random forest was used for variable selection, cross-validated in multivariable logistic models.

Results:

Analysis included n = 237 mothers with BMI ≥18.5. Random forest identified BMI category, prenatal intention, and insurance type as the most important predictors of meeting breastfeeding recommendations. The resulting logistic models explained >40% of the variance with an area under the curve of ≥0.89 for both recommendations. More than 73% of the risk of not meeting breastfeeding recommendations was attributable to having an elevated BMI or lacking strong breastfeeding intention.

Conclusions:

In PREVAIL, maternal BMI and prenatal intention explained most risks of not meeting breastfeeding exclusivity and duration recommendations. Our findings suggest efforts to improve breastfeeding exclusivity and duration should focus on strengthening prenatal breastfeeding intention and identifying effective interventions for supporting breastfeeding among mothers with higher BMI.