Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2016-12
ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34–36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37–38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation),Second Revision 2016
A central goal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding success. These protocols serve only as guidelines for the care of breastfeeding mothers and infants and do not delineate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as standards of medical care. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual patient.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
EngleWA. A recommendation for the definition of “late preterm” (near-term) and the birth weight-gestational age classification system. Semin Perinatol, 2006; 30:2–7.
2.
YoungPC, KorgenskiK, BuchiKF. Early readmission of newborns in a large health care system. Pediatrics, 2013; 131:e1538–e1544.
3.
RayKN, LorchSA. Hospitalization of early preterm, late preterm, and term infants during the first year of life by gestational age. Hosp Pediatr, 2013; 3:194–203.
4.
PangWW, HartmannPE. Initiation of human lactation: Secretory differentiation and secretory activation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2007; 12:211–221.
5.
Shapiro-MendozaCK, TomashekKM, KotelchuckM, et al.Effect of late-preterm birth and maternal medical conditions on newborn morbidity risk. Pediatrics, 2008; 121:e223–e232.
TitaATN, LandonMB, SpongCY, et al.Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes. N Engl J Med, 2009; 360:111–120.
8.
SeikkuL, GisslerM, AnderssonS, et al.Asphyxia, neurologic morbidity, and perinatal mortality in early-term and postterm birth. Pediatrics, 2016; 137:e20153334.
9.
ReddyUM, BettegowdaVR, DiasT, et al.Term pregnancy: A period of heterogeneous risk for infant mortality. Obstet Gynecol, 2011; 117:1279–1287.
10.
EidelmanAI. The challenge of breastfeeding the late preterm and the early-term infant. Breastfeed Med, 2016; 11:99–99.
MeierP, PatelAL, WrightK, et al.Management of breastfeeding during and after the maternity hospitalization for late preterm infants. Clin Perinatol, 2013; 40:689–705.
13.
MortonJ. Perfect storm or perfect time for a bold change?. Breastfeed Med, 2014; 9:180–183.
14.
NeifertM, BunikM. Overcoming clinical barriers to exclusive breastfeeding. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2013; 60:115–145.
15.
PulverLS, DenneyJM, SilverRM, et al.Morbidity and discharge timing of late preterm newborns. Clin Pediatr, 2010; 49:1061–1067.
California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative.. Care and management of the late preterm infants toolkit. 2013. Available at www.cpqcc.org/sites/default/files/Late Preterm Infant Toolkit FINAL 2–13.pdf (accessed August25, 2016).
18.
ShekellePG, WoolfSH, EcclesM, et al.Developing guidelines. BMJ, 1999; 318:593–596.
19.
PhillipsRM, GoldsteinM, HouglandK, et al.Multidisciplinary guidelines for the care of late preterm infants. J Perinatol, 2013; 33Suppl 2:S5–S22.
20.
MooreER, AndersonGC, BergmanN, et al.Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012:CD003519.
21.
RighardL, AladeMO. Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet, 1990; 336:1105–1107.
22.
BallardJL, KhouryJC, WedigK, et al.New Ballard Score, expanded to include extremely premature infants. J Pediatr, 1991; 119:417–423.
23.
BeckerGE, SmithHA, CooneyF. Methods of milk expression for lactating women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015:CD006170.
24.
MaastrupR, HansenBM, KronborgH, et al.Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding of preterm infants. Results from a prospective national cohort study. PLoS One, 2014; 9:e89077.
25.
ParkerLA, SullivanS, KruegerC, et al.Effect of early milk expression on milk volume and timing of lactogenesis stage ll among mothers of very low birthweight infants: A pilot study. J Perinatol, 2012; 32:205–209.
26.
MortonJ, HallJY, WongRJ, et al.Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants. J Perinatol, 2009; 29:757–764.
27.
OhyamaM, WatabeH, HayasakaY. Manual expression and electric breast pumping in the first 48 h after delivery. Pediatr Int, 2010; 52:39–43.
28.
LussierMM, BrownellEA, ProulxTA, et al.Daily breastmilk volume in mothers of very low birth weight neonates: A repeated-measures randomized trial of hand expression versus electric breast pump expression. Breastfeed Med, 2015; 10:312–317.
29.
SlusherTM, SlusherIL, KeatingEM, et al.Comparison of maternal milk (breastmilk) expression methods in an African nursery. Breastfeed Med, 2012; 7:107–111.
JensenD, WallaceS, KelsayP. LATCH: A breastfeeding charting system and documentation tool. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 1994; 23:27–32.
32.
MatthewsMK. Developing an instrument to assess infant breastfeeding behaviour in the early neonatal period. Midwifery, 1988; 4:154–165.
33.
MulfordC. The Mother-Baby Assessment (MBA): An “Apgar score” for breastfeeding. J Hum Lact, 1992; 8:79–82.
34.
IngramJ, JohnsonD, CopelandM, et al.The development of a new breast feeding assessment tool and the relationship with breast feeding self-efficacy. Midwifery, 2015; 31:132–137.
35.
WightN, MarinelliKA. ABM Clinical Protocol #1: Guidelines for blood glucose monitoring and treatment of hypoglycemia in term and late-preterm neonates, revised 2014. Breastfeed Med, 2014; 9:173–179.
36.
BhutaniVK, StarkAR, LazzeroniLC, et al.Predischarge screening for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia identifies infants who need phototherapy. J Pediatr, 2013; 162:477–482.e471.
37.
MaiselsMJ, BhutaniVK, BogenD, et al.Hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant > or = 35 weeks’ gestation: An update with clarifications. Pediatrics, 2009; 124:1193–1198.
38.
MortonJ, WongRJ, HallJY, et al.Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases the caloric content of milk in mothers with preterm infants. J Perinatol, 2012; 32:791–796.
39.
WalkerM. Breastfeeding the late preterm infant. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2008; 37:692–701.
40.
HaaseB, BarreiraJ, MurphyP, et al.The development of an accurate test weighing technique for preterm and high-risk hospitalized infants. Breastfeed Med, 2009; 4:151–156.
41.
LangS, LawrenceCJ, OrmeRL. Cup feeding: An alternative method of infant feeding. Arch Dis Child, 1994; 71:365–369.
42.
MarinelliKA, BurkeGS, DoddVL. A comparison of the safety of cupfeedings and bottlefeedings in premature infants whose mothers intend to breastfeed. J Perinatol, 2001; 21:350–355.
43.
YilmazG, CaylanN, KaracanCD, et al.Effect of cup feeding and bottle feeding on breastfeeding in late preterm infants: A randomized controlled study. J Hum Lact, 2014; 30:174–179.
44.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Hospital discharge of the high-risk neonate. Pediatrics, 2008; 122:1119–1126.
45.
American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 2012; 129:e827–e841.
46.
NeifertMR. Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2001; 48:273–297.
47.
NeifertMR. Breastmilk transfer: Positioning, latch-on, and screening for problems in milk transfer. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2004; 47:656–675.
48.
Grummer-StrawnLM, ReinoldC, KrebsNF. Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0–59 months in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2010; 59:1–15.
49.
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of galactogogues in initiating or augmenting the rate of maternal milk secretion (First Revision January 2011). Breastfeed Med, 2011; 6:41–49.
50.
GeddesDT, LangtonDB, GollowI, et al.Frenulotomy for breastfeeding infants with ankyloglossia: Effect on milk removal and sucking mechanism as imaged by ultrasound. Pediatrics, 2008; 122:e188–e194.
51.
American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics, 2004; 114:297–316.
52.
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for management of jaundice in the breastfeeding infant equal to or greater than 35 weeks’ gestation. Breastfeed Med, 2010; 5:87–93.
53.
GourleyGR, KreamerB, CohnenM, et al.Neonatal jaundice and diet. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1999; 153:184–188.
54.
BakerRD, GreerFR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0–3 years of age). Pediatrics, 2010; 126:1040–1050.
55.
YamadaRT, LeoneCR. Hematological and iron content evolution in exclusively breastfed late-preterm newborns. Clinics (Sa∼o Paulo, Brazil), 2014; 69:792–798.
56.
BerglundSK, WestrupB, DomellöfM. Iron supplementation until 6 months protects marginally low-birth-weight infants from iron deficiency during their first year of life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2015; 60:390–395.
57.
HwangSS, BarfieldWD, SmithRA, et al.Discharge timing, outpatient follow-up, and home care of late-preterm and early-term infants. Pediatrics, 2013; 132:101–108.
58.
KugelmanA, ColinAA. Late preterm infants: Near term but still in a critical developmental time period. Pediatrics, 2013; 132:741–751.
59.
LeoneA, ErsfeldP, AdamsM, SchifferPM, et al.Neonatal morbidity in singleton late preterm infants compared with full-term infants. Acta Paediatr, 2012; 101:e6–e10.
MoragI, OkrentAL, StraussT, et al.Early neonatal morbidities and associated modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in a cohort of infants born at 34–35 weeks of gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2015; 28:876–882.
62.
NagulesapillaiT, McDonaldSW, FentonTR, et al.Breastfeeding difficulties and exclusivity among late preterm and term infants: Results from the all our babies study. Can J Public Health, 2013; 104:e351–e356.
63.
RadtkeJV. The paradox of breastfeeding-associated morbidity among late preterm infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2011; 40:9–24.
